Before 400 BC, there were records of pinhole imaging in the "Mo Jing" written by Mozi; in the 13th century, image obscura made using the principle of pinhole imaging appeared in Europe, and people Walk into the camera obscura to watch images or paint scenes; in 1550, Italy's Cardano placed the lenticular lens in the original pinhole position, and the image effect was brighter and clearer than the camera obscura; in 1558, Italy's Barbaro made another The addition of an aperture to Dano's device greatly improved the image clarity; in 1665, the German monk John Chapter designed and produced a small, portable single-lens reflex camera obscura. Because there was no photosensitive material at the time, this camera obscura only Can be used for painting. In 1822, Niépce of France produced the world's first photograph on photosensitive material, but the image was not very clear and required an eight-hour exposure.
Camera (20 photos) In 1826, he took another photo through a camera obscura on a tin base plate coated with photosensitive asphalt. In 1839, Daguerre of France made the first practical daguerreotype camera. It was composed of two wooden boxes. One wooden box was inserted into the other to adjust the focus, and the lens cover was used as a shutter. Control the exposure time for up to thirty minutes to capture clear images. In 1841, optician Vogeland invented the first camera with an all-metal body. The camera is equipped with the world's first photographic lens designed by mathematical calculations with a maximum phase aperture of 1:3.4. In 1845, the German von Martens invented the world's first rotating machine that could pan 150°. In 1849, David Brewster invented the stereo camera and the two-lens stereoscope. In 1861, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photograph. In 1860, Sutton of England designed a primitive single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable mirror viewfinder; in 1862, Detry of France stacked two cameras together, one for viewing and one for taking pictures. It constitutes the original form of a twin-lens camera; in 1880, Baker in England made a twin-lens reflex camera. In 1866, the German chemist Schott and the optician Agu invented the barium crown optical glass at Zeiss Company, which produced a positive light photographic lens and led to the rapid development of the design and manufacture of photographic lenses. With the development of photosensitive materials, dry plates coated with silver bromide photosensitive material appeared in 1871, and in 1884, nitrocellulose (cellulose camera
luo) was used as the substrate. film. In 1888, the American Kodak Company produced a new type of photosensitive material - soft, rewindable "film." This is a leap forward in photosensitive materials. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable box camera that contained film. In 1906, American George Silas used flash for the first time. In 1913, German Oscar Barnack developed the world's first 135mm camera. In the first stage of camera development from 1839 to 1924, some novel button-shaped, pistol-shaped and other cameras also appeared. The period from 1925 to 1938 was the second stage of camera development. During this period, German companies such as Leitz (the predecessor of Leica), Rollei, and Zeiss developed and produced dual-lens and single-lens reflex cameras with small sizes and aluminum alloy bodies. With the advent of magnification technology and micrograin film, the quality of lenses improved accordingly. In 1902, Rudolf of Germany used the third-order aberration theory established by Seidel in 1855 and the high refractive index and low dispersion optical glass successfully studied by Abbe in 1881 to create the famous "Tiansai" lens. The reduction of various aberrations greatly improves the imaging quality. On this basis, in 1913, Barnack in Germany designed and produced a small Leica camera using 35 mm film with small holes punched in the negative - the Leica single-lens rangefinder camera. title
However, 35mm cameras of this period all used see-through optical rangefinders without a rangefinder. In 1931, Germany's Contex camera was equipped with a double-image coincidence rangefinder using the triangular ranging principle, which improved the focusing accuracy, and was the first to use an aluminum alloy die-cast body and a metal curtain shutter.
In 1935, the Exact single-lens reflex camera appeared in Germany, making it easier to adjust focus and change lenses. In order to ensure accurate camera exposure, Kodak cameras began to be equipped with selenium photocell exposure meters in 1938. In 1947, Germany began to produce the Contax S-shaped roof pentaprism single-lens reflex camera, which made the viewfinder image no longer upside down, and changed the downward view to the head-up focusing and framing, making photography more convenient. In 1956, the Federal Republic of Germany first made an electric eye camera that automatically controlled exposure. After 1960, cameras began to adopt electronic technology, and various forms of automatic exposure and electronic program shutters appeared. After 1975, camera operations began to be automated. Before the 1950s, Japanese camera production mainly introduced German technology and copied it. For example, in 1936, Canon imitated the 35mm rangefinder camera with L39 interface based on the Leica camera, and Nikon only imitated Contex in 1948. Out comes the rangefinder camera. Asahi Optical Industrial Co., Ltd., the predecessor of PENTAX, began producing lenses in 1923. With the expansion of the Japanese invasion war, the Japanese military's demand for optical instruments increased sharply. Japanese optical instrument factories such as Nikon, Pentax and Canon received a large number of military orders. It produced telescopes, theodolite, aircraft optical sights, sights, optical rangefinders and other military optical instruments for the Japanese invaders. With the end of the war, these military orders were no longer available. After the war, military industrial enterprises had to turn to the production of civilian products in order to survive. Optical instrument manufacturers Nikon, Canon, and Pentax all started camera production. In 1952, Pentax introduced German technology and the German "PENTAX" brand, producing the first camera of "Asahi Optical". In 1954, Japan's first single-lens reflex camera was manufactured by Asahi Optical-Pentax. In 1957, as a rising star in Japanese cameras, he produced Japan's first SLR camera with a five-sided mirror optical viewfinder. Since then, Minolta, Nikon, Mamiya, Canon, Ricoh and other companies have rushed to imitate and improve SLR camera and lens technology, thus promoting the development of civilian camera technology in Japan. The center of world SLR camera technology has gradually shifted from Germany to Japan. In 1960, Pentax launched the PENTAX SP camera, which pioneered TTL automatic metering technology for cameras. In 1971, Pentax applied for a patent for SMC coating technology and applied SMC technology to develop and produce SMC lenses, which greatly improved the color reproduction and brightness of the lens as well as eliminating glare and ghosting, thus significantly improving the quality of the lens. Quality camera pictures[2]
. Thanks to SMC technology, the optical quality of Pentax lenses has been greatly improved since then. Many Pentax lenses are highly praised by professional photographers, even surpassing Germany's top lens Zeiss lenses, making Pentax cameras a temporary glory. (SMC is the abbreviation of Super-Multi Coating in English, which means super multi-layer coating technology. Using this technology, the single reflectivity of light between the lenses in the lens can be reduced from 5 to 0.96-0.98. The light transmittance of the entire lens The pass rate is as high as 96 or above.) Although almost all camera lenses currently produced by manufacturers claim to use SMC technology, actual tests have proven that Pentax lenses are the best at this point. In 1969, CCD chips were used as camera photosensitive materials in the cameras carried on the American Apollo moon landing spacecraft, laying a technical foundation for the electronicization of photographic photosensitive materials. In 1981, after years of research, Sony produced the world's first camera that used CCD electronic sensors as photosensitive material, laying the foundation for electronic sensors to replace film. Following closely, Panasonic, Copal, Fujifilm, and some electronic chip manufacturers in the United States and Europe have invested in the technology research and development of CCD chips, laying a technical foundation for the development of digital cameras. In 1987, a camera using CMOS chips as photosensitive material was born at Casio.