Edit this paragraph definition
The process and achievements of applying natural laws to solve special problems in the technical field and putting forward innovative schemes and measures. This product was invented to meet the needs of people's daily life. There are useful inventions and useless inventions. The achievements of the invention either provide an unprecedented model of artificial natural objects or provide new technologies and methods for processing and manufacturing. The innovation and transformation of machinery and equipment, instruments and various consumer goods, as well as related manufacturing processes, production processes and detection and control methods, all belong to inventions.
Edit the characteristics of this paragraph
Invention is different from scientific discovery. Invention is mainly to create things that have not existed in the past, and discovery is mainly to reveal the existence and attributes of unknown things. This invention is a novel technical achievement, and it is not a simple imitation of existing instruments or a repetition of previous schemes and measures. If a technological achievement can find something with the same principle, structure and function in the existing technical system, it cannot be called an invention. The invention should not only provide something unprecedented, but also provide something more advanced than the previous technology, that is, it is superior to the existing technology in principle, structure and especially functional benefits. Inventions always have both inheritance and creation. Generally speaking, most of them are advanced. The invention must be an innovation with application value, clear purpose, novelty and advancement. The invention scheme should not only reflect the attributes, structures and laws of external things, but also reflect its own needs. Before creating a new product or process, the inventor has pre-constructed the design object according to the functional requirements in his concept, and constantly improved his scheme according to the optimized functional objectives during the invention process. Invention is different from actual technology or domain technology in actual production and engineering. The invention should have application prospects and possible technical schemes and measures. Whether an invention can be applied to production process or engineering activities depends on whether it can be incorporated into the existing technical system or cause innovation in the existing technical system, as well as the conditions of capital, equipment, manpower, materials, management and market. With the invention, there is not necessarily a corresponding product or process, nor can it necessarily solve the practical problems in production and engineering. Only when the invention is transformed into product development, process test, technological innovation, trial production, mass production and popularization and application can it become a realistic technology. Most scientific and technological inventions come from Europe and America, and these inventions are "materialized" into new products or trial products by Europeans and Americans. However, the "final stage" of turning new products or experiments into commodities worthy of mass production and pushing them to the market is mostly completed by the Japanese. An investigation organization made an international comparison of the number of new inventions, new products and new commercialization in the world in the 20th century. The results are as follows: first, there are 29 new inventions from the United States, 65,438+065,438+0 from Europe, and the number of new inventions from Japan is zero; Second, there are as many as 30 new products in the United States, 6 in Europe and only two in Japan; Third, there are only six new products invented in the United States, two in Europe and as many as 24 in Japan. This shows that although Europeans and Americans are good at inventions, they are also good at "materializing" inventions into refreshing products to a certain extent; However, it often fails to "carry out the invention to the end" and truly realize all the contents of "innovation" defined by Schumpeter, that is, developing new commodities, new markets and new production methods; New sources of raw material supply, etc.
type
According to the degree of innovation, inventions can be divided into two categories.
Pioneering technological inventions
The basic principle on which the new technical scheme of the present invention is based is qualitatively different from that of the prior art, and is also called the basic technical invention. For example, the invention of steam engine technology pioneered the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy, which is different from simple machinery with only mechanical energy conversion in basic principle. The invention of electric power technology based on electromagnetic induction principle triggered the mutual transformation between electric energy and mechanical energy. From the principle of chain nuclear reaction to the principle of nuclear fusion reaction, groundbreaking nuclear technological inventions can be made. Pioneering technological inventions in modern times are mostly based on breakthroughs in scientific principles, and consciously apply new scientific principles to solve technical problems. Many major breakthroughs in science will lead to technological breakthroughs.
Improved technological invention
The invention is an improved technical invention, and the existing technology is changed and supplemented to different degrees without changing the basic principle. For example, tungsten filament instead of carbon filament and argon filling instead of vacuum are all based on the same electrothermal luminescence principle. The invention of high-pressure steam engine, steam turbine and multi-cylinder steam engine is the progress of steam engine technology. Improved technological inventions are based on breakthrough technological inventions, and are perfected and developed through improved technological inventions. Improved technological inventions may be based on new scientific discoveries, but they often rely on long-term experience accumulation and exploration. Without a fundamental breakthrough in scientific principles, it is possible to make improved technological inventions of great value. The difference between an improved technological invention and a breakthrough technological invention is relative. Pioneering technological inventions often lead to fundamental changes in the technical system, which is of great significance. Among technological inventions, most are improved inventions. Perfecting the materials, structures, processes and functions related to basic technologies will lead to the improvement of technological inventions. Transplanting a basic technology to a variety of objects usually needs to change some links of the basic technology and derive other inventions, which belong to the application of improving technological inventions. Combining a variety of existing technologies to form an unprecedented system and realize some new functions often requires improving the existing technologies to produce some inventions, which belongs to comprehensive improvement of technological inventions. The innovation and improvement of products in shape, structure and even design sometimes have the nature of invention.
Edit the meaning of this paragraph.
It is the essential feature of human beings to actively understand and transform nature and constantly make discoveries and inventions. Humans use natural conditions to create labor means and technology, and realize the essence of the external world and their own strength in the process of inventing utensils. Invention is the starting point of technology and production activities. With the invention and application of stone tools and artificial fire, the history of human material production and social life began. The change and progress of technology, the improvement of productivity and people's living standards, and the development of social history are inseparable from development and creation. The progress of ancient society depended on the inventions of grinding stone tools, smelting copper and iron, making pottery and baking bricks, raising silkworms and weaving silk. /kloc-the industrial revolution in the 0/8th century originated from the invention of new textile machines and steam engines. Electronic computers and a series of modern inventions have fundamentally changed people's working methods, living conditions and social outlook. The history of human civilization is first and foremost a history of invention and creation. Inventors in history often don't know the social significance of their creative activities. When they improve the existing utensils or crafts, they mostly start from their personal needs, and they don't and can't fully realize the great value and application consequences of their inventions. Moreover, they usually engage in inventions in an amateur way. In modern times, especially in modern times, people are more and more aware of the importance of invention, seeking for invention by offering rewards, encouraging and protecting invention by using the patent system, and making invention a special profession. Inventors have their own R&D institutions and organizations to exchange results, the research on the regularity of invention and creation has been paid attention to, and the education of invention and creation and the training of invention methods have been popularized. Modern scientific and technological inventions have greatly improved in consciousness, quality and quantity. Technological inventions should make use of knowledge of nature and scientific principles and rely on technological innovation in production and engineering to play a role. Compared with invention, scientific research is more instructive and practical for material production. However, science must be invented to become technology, and technology must be invented to become new productive forces. Technical ideas and technical solutions are the intermediary from knowledge to practice, and are the key links in the process of transforming science into productivity and engineering application.
Edit the inventions and patents in this paragraph.
In order to promote invention and its application, the state clearly regards invention as a patent in the form of law. Generally speaking, innovations and improvements with novelty, advancement and practicality made by people in technical activities belong to inventions; Inventions recognized by the state and the law are different. The invention required by the Patent Law is novelty, which only refers to an undisclosed or unprecedented technical scheme. In China, this novelty is sometimes required, which is different from the unprecedented in the history of technological development. The advanced nature of the invention mentioned in the patent law means that the new scheme has made significant progress compared with the original technology, not a slight improvement. Novel designs are also protected by law and can be patented, but they are usually not recognized as inventions. When judging the practicality of an invention, the patent law includes the consideration of social value and national conditions, and no patent right is granted for inventions that violate national laws, social ethics or harm public interests. Generally speaking, patents for inventions in medicine, food, nuclear substances, disease diagnosis and treatment are not granted. Inventions are valuable and useful achievements. Patents fix the commodity attributes of inventions in legal form, making them property that cannot be occupied for free, thus protecting the interests of inventors. Patents also require inventors to disclose their creations to facilitate paid use by others, and take the implementation of inventions as the legal obligation of patentees, so as to promote the exchange of technical information and the popularization and application of inventions.
Edit the invention in this paragraph.
The technological inventions of each era are closely related to the level of social productivity and the state of science and technology at that time, and depend on the quality, ability and way of thinking of the inventors. Meeting the needs of society is the basic condition for making technological inventions. The growth of social demand puts forward new technical goals. The contradiction between the original technical means and the new technical goal promotes and encourages invention. In technological activities, the accumulation and synthesis of knowledge and experience will also produce innovative technological ideas and inventions, and new technological achievements will trigger new demands and contribute to the popularization and application of new inventions. Invention is creative mental work, and new technical solutions often have to be tested many times, dozens or even hundreds of times before they can overcome many difficulties and setbacks. Being brave in dedication, perseverance, hard study and diligent in practice are the basic qualities of inventors. The proposal of new technical conception and technical scheme is based on a deep understanding of the existing technical mechanism and insight into its crux, which depends on a rich knowledge background. With the increasing difficulty of technological invention, the requirement for knowledge is higher, which requires not only general professional knowledge and interdisciplinary knowledge, but also strong basic scientific theoretical knowledge and mathematical knowledge. Invention is to be unconventional or even whimsical, to turn the seemingly impossible into reality, and not to stick to stereotypes. The exertion of creative thinking ability is of special significance in the process of brewing and forming new ideas. Imagination, speculation, intuition and inspiration are closely related to creation. A technical goal can be achieved by different technical means. In order to realize a technological invention with certain functional requirements, there are often multiple schemes, and each scheme may contain several alternative sub-schemes. Inventors should not only have a broad vision, but also be good at comparing, screening and verifying various technical schemes according to comprehensive factors such as functional value relationship, resources and environment. The formation and determination of new technical scheme should be guided by scientific thinking method. Summarizing the experience of technological invention is helpful to the perfection and application of scientific and technological methodology.
Edit this paragraph of the top ten inventions of the 20th century.
190 1 year radio
In the early 20th century, few people could imagine that electromagnetic waves could travel any meaningful distance without any metal wires or cables as conductors. So how do radio signals travel along the surface of the earth? Of course, it can shoot straight off the horizon. But Guillermo Marconi believes that radio waves can travel along the surface of the earth if some conditions are provided. 1895, in his birthplace of Italy, he sent out a radio signal, which passed 1? 5 miles; Six years later, that is, 190 1 year 12 February 12 year, Marconi, who was only 27 years old, created a miracle. He tied the radio antenna firmly to a flying kite and sent a Morse code "S". It flew about 2000 miles across the Atlantic. This signal was sent from Huzhen, Polder, Cornwall, England, and reached St. John's in Newfoundland in less than 1 second. Marconi heard three faint ticks. This is the voice of the birth of the communication industry and the first shock wave of the arrival of the electronic age. This era includes radio broadcasting, television and mobile phones-so this is a discovery that will open our imagination.
1903 aircraft
Orville Wright and wilbur wright were able to fly their plane made of wood, wires and cloth for 59 seconds before sunset. However, few newspapers are willing to comment on this matter, because the idea that humans fly into the sky to become contemporary Daedalus and Icarus is considered absurd by most sober people. But once successful, the development of this undertaking is extremely rapid. In fact, it was only after 15 years that various parts of modern aircraft were manufactured, if not all, then at least ideas about them had been born.
1907 plastics
After learning about the invention of plastic, the happiest thing in the world is the elephant. For hundreds of years, everything from the handle to billiards has been made of ivory. 19 In the 1980s, the supply of ivory gradually decreased and billiards rose, which once triggered a crisis. Phelan and Cowland, the largest billiards producers in the United States, can't wait to offer a gold prize worth $65,438+0,000 pounds-a considerable prize-to recruit any "invention genius" who can provide synthetic products instead of ivory. Until 1907, the Belgian inventor Leo Baekeland, who had made huge profits by inventing photographic paper for taking fast-moving photos, accidentally invented the compound of phenol and formaldehyde. This innovative pure synthetic plastic-phenolic plastic has the functions of heat protection, electricity protection and corrosion protection. Not only is it good for billiards, but one of the great benefits of plastic is its versatility. Everything from telephones to toilets, ashtrays to airplane parts is made of plastic. By 1968, if young graduates want to find a job in a promising and successful industry, they must listen to one word-plastic.
1928 penicillin
People call penicillin the most contribution medicine in this century, and its inventor is British bacteriologist alexander fleming. 1928, in a bacterial culture experiment, the inventor happened to find that a mold later called penicillin was devouring the bacteria he cultivated in a Petri dish. According to Fleming's research results, after ten years' efforts, researchers at Oxford University in England finally found a way to refine this mold and put it into medical experiments. 1943, in order to treat soldiers injured in World War II, the Allies began to put penicillin into industrial production. For more than half a century, penicillin has saved countless lives, prompting people to pay attention to the research and development of antibiotic family.
1923 TV set
The inventor of TV set is john baird, a British electronic engineer. In 1923, he applied for a patent for a device that can generate 8 lines of images. The first TV set was sold at the end of 1930. 1932, BBC broadcast the first standardized TV program in the world. Since then, mankind has begun to step into the television era. Today, people use satellites and other channels to spread TV signals to every corner of the earth.
1942 nuclear weapons
The atomic age began at 1942. In order to defeat the Axis fascism, the highest authorities of the United States decided to launch the Manhattan Project aimed at developing atomic weapons. At the end of the year, as part of the Manhattan Project, the first nuclear reactor was built and put into operation under a sports facility of the University of Chicago. 1On July 6th, 945, a mushroom cloud rose from the Atomic Energy Research Center in Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, and the world's first atomic bomb exploded successfully. On August 6th and 9th of that year, the United States dropped two atomic bombs named "Fat Man" and "Little Boy" in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The Japanese emperor then announced his unconditional surrender. The atomic bomb seems to have made great contributions to the victory of World War II, but mankind has lived in the shadow of terrible atomic weapons ever since.
1943 computer
Computer is the foundation of human society entering the information age, but it was born because of war. 1943, in order to decipher the German code, the British mathematician alan turing designed the first electromechanical computer named "Giant". Although it is only an imaginary computer for decoding, it initiated the development of computer technology, which is changing with each passing day. 1947, the transistor computer came out; 1959, the integrated circuit computer was born; 1970, computer produced large-scale integrated circuits; Since 1980s, a new generation of microcomputers have mushroomed. On this basis, mankind has ushered in a new network era.
1953DNA
1953 On February 28th, the famous British geneticist francis crick announced that he had "discovered the secret of life". Crick and his American colleague james watson devoted themselves to the research of life science for many years, and finally found the molecular structure of DNA double helix which determines the inheritance of life from the nucleus, and deciphered the genetic codes of human beings, plants and animals. This discovery initially revealed the secret of life, promoted the research and treatment of various diseases, and also promoted human research on improving food structure. In the first 20 years of the next century, it is possible for human beings to eliminate gene defects through gene therapy, and then overcome fatal sexual dysfunction such as cancer, heart disease, hemophilia and diabetes. Undoubtedly, the research results of DNA molecular structure have played a great role in studying life and treating diseases, but it also makes people face the moral crisis caused by it. For example, the development of cloning technology has given mankind a difficult problem.
1954 contraceptives
1954, American doctor gregory pincus invented the contraceptive pill, which is a mixture of two hormones that inhibit ovulation in women. Contraceptive pill is listed as one of the greatest scientific achievements in the 20th century because it liberates women from passive childbearing. From then on, women can control their own fertility, decide whether to have children according to their own wishes, and decide when to get pregnant according to their own situation. More importantly, it breaks the shackles that imprison women's sexual freedom, gives women the right to go out of the family and participate in social work, and finally expands women's influence in social politics, economy and culture.
1957 artificial satellite
1957 10 10 On 4 October, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial earth satellite in human history to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, marking the beginning of the space age. 1961April 2, Soviet astronaut Gagarin went into space in a spaceship and became the first person to go into space. 1969 On July 20th, two American astronauts landed on the moon in a spaceship. Satellites can transmit TV and radio program signals, and also provide services for aviation, Hainan Airlines, weather forecast and scientific and technological information, thus greatly "shrinking" the earth. In order to further explore the mysteries of the universe, human beings have placed many detectors on the main planets of the solar system, and grand plans to build an international space station are also in the pipeline.
1967 organ transplantation
From 65438 to 0967, South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard successfully performed the first heart transplant. Since then, with the development of medicine and medical equipment, medical scientists have gradually solved the problems of organ infection and successfully transplanted limbs, liver, skin, retina and even testicles. The medical community believes that the next frontier technology of organ transplantation is brain cell transplantation, which can cure medical ills such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In the next century, medical scientists will devote themselves to solving the problem of xenotransplantation and transplanting organs from other animals into human bodies.
1978 IVF
Luis brown, a British girl, is the first test-tube baby in the world. Now she is 32 years old. At that time, her mother's egg and her father's sperm successfully mated in a test tube and gave birth to her. Since then, in vitro pregnancy technology has been continuously developed and perfected, and 1984 embryo freezing technology has been successfully tested; From 65438 to 0990, the experiment of embryo transfer technology was successful. The successful cultivation of IVF has given great hope to infertile couples, but it has also aroused people's concern about a moral issue. For example, if a woman gives birth to a child through a test-tube baby in her fifties or sixties, the old man may die while the child is still underage. So who will raise the orphan?
Edit this passage "The Five-faced Bird"
One of the Five Birds of God: there are inventions in the east, Jiao Ming in the south, Emu Kun in the west, Youchang in the north and Phoenix Emperor in the middle. -Shuo Wen