In particular, the invention and use of recoil device greatly improved the performance of artillery and greatly improved the firing rate. Therefore, it can be said that the19th century is a milestone in the history of artillery development.
/kloc-before the middle of the 0/9th century, the guns used in various countries were all front-loaded shotguns.
Although this kind of artillery has played an unprecedented powerful role in modern warfare and become the main weapon to kill the enemy, there are also many obvious defects in firing speed, range and accuracy.
1846, Italian major Cavelli made a gun with two rotating double lines in the gun bore, which was equipped with a cylindrical shell breech, realizing a revolutionary leap in gun technology.
Soon, whitworth, a British gun manufacturer, also produced a breech-loaded rifled gun, but he used a hovering hexagonal gun bore instead of a rotating gun bore to double the line.
Compared with the front loading gun, the rear loading gun is changed from muzzle loading to tail loading, which improves the firing rate; There are perfect gun lock doors and plugging devices, which solve the problem of powder gas leakage caused by the diameter of the cartridge case of the front gun being smaller than that of the fire bag. In the barrel of a gun
It is engraved with spiral rifling, and the pointed barrel is fired at the same time, which makes the trajectory of the projectile stable, improves the hit accuracy and increases the range. It is convenient and safe to load artillery shells in forts, including sea bunkers and warship service warehouses.
Due to the advantages of afterloading guns, countries are competing to develop them.
19 Around the 1970s, metallurgical technology in western countries made great progress.
First, Krupp Iron and Steel Works in Germany invented the method of casting large steel blocks with crucibles, which can manufacture large-caliber steel guns.
Krupp steel cannon made outstanding achievements in the Franco-Prussian War and gained great fame.
After the war, many countries made artillery with Krupp steel, and the quality of the gun body was obviously improved.
At the same time, France began to use high-quality steel after the invention of open hearth steelmaking in 1865.
Material to make the gun body.
1878, Thomas improved the converter steelmaking method created by Bensema 1856, which reduced the phosphorus content of steel and made the gun body difficult to break.
In Australia, Major General Makatis invented the hard bronze gun in 1874.
In terms of gun body shape, Krupp Company began to add quilt cover (i.e. barrel tight gun body) or steel ring (i.e. steel wire tight gun body) to the guns used by the Germans in 1873, so as to improve the gun body strength and enhance the compression resistance.
Krupp guns are becoming more and more valuable.
As for the locking machine, Krupp Company began to adopt the locking bolt locking machine in 1873, and used the pressure plug.
These new gun door technologies can better seal the gun tail and bear the huge pressure of gunpowder gas on the gun bottom, which is of great significance to improve the range and power of the gun.
The hydraulic and pneumatic recoil device was first invented by the Frenchman Moa in 1897, and was first installed on the 75mm field gun.
Recoil machine is divided into two parts: recoil machine and recoil machine.
The recoil mechanism consists of a recoil tube, a piston and a liquid. The recoil tube is connected with the connecting arm at the rear end of the gun. When the gun fires, the gun body drives the recoil tube to retreat, and the liquid at one end of the piston flows from the leak to the other end due to pressure. At this time, the liquid has a resistance that slowly prevents the gun from sitting in the back.
The recoil mechanism absorbs part of the recoil force by gas. When the recoil is over, the compressed gas pushes the recoil body back to its original position due to the elongation of the recoil body.
In this way, through the intermediary of the recoil mechanism, the barrel is connected with the gun rack elastically, which not only helps to reduce the weight of the gun, but also creates conditions for improving the firing rate.
This is a major breakthrough in the history of artillery development, marking the era of artillery retreat from the shelf into the era of tube retreat.
The first gun with modern recoil mechanism was 1897, a 75mm field gun invented by the French artillery research team composed of General De Ville, Delporte Shangpin and Captain Rimayo.
The principle of long recoil used in this gun was originally patented by Hausen in Germany, but the German army refused to adopt this patent.
France bought this patent from Hausnet on 1894, and based on this, developed a gun mount with hydraulic qigong reentry device, called elastic gun mount.
The gun body is installed on the elastic gun frame, which can greatly buffer the recoil force during shooting, so that the gun will not shift, improve the shooting speed and accuracy, and reduce the weight of the gun.
The adoption of elastic gun mount alleviates the contradiction between increasing gun power and improving maneuverability, and makes the basic structure of gun tend to be perfect.
The 75 mm field gun has initially possessed the basic structure of modern artillery, which is an epoch-making breakthrough in the development of artillery.
During the development of the 75 mm field gun, the French successfully escaped the investigation and theft of German intelligence agencies. On the surface, they have tested the spring-loaded reentry mechanism many times, thus leading the enemy astray.
As a result, the French field guns that the Germans made great efforts to imitate were fake guns with backward technology, which made the German artillery equipment lag behind for many years.
19 14 In September, during the Battle of Marne River in World War I, French artillery bombarded the Germans with 75mm field guns, which caused heavy casualties and made great contributions to the victory of France.
France bought the advanced invention patents of the Germans, kept them secret and deceived them, which in turn hit them.
This is really an ironic and painful lesson for Germany.