Why does the birth of transistor embody the idea of scientific theory guiding practice?

Transistor is one of the greatest inventions in modern history. After the invention of transistor, electronics has made rapid progress. In particular, the appearance of PN junction transistor has opened up a new era of electronic devices and caused a revolution in electronic technology.

At the beginning of the 20th century, with the development of physics research, people discovered semiconductor, a special physical material. Scientists predict that this kind of material can help people to make a new electronic component, which is smaller, stronger and more energy-saving than electron tubes. 1929, American electronic engineer Julies? Li linfei obtained a semiconductor patent? He proposed that the function of field effect amplification can be realized by using copper sulfide as semiconductor material and applying a strong electric field to it.

Li Linfei's patented technology is considered to be the most basic principle of modern transistors. Unfortunately, due to the limitation of laboratory technology at that time, Li Linfeld could not produce realistic products, and he missed the Nobel Prize in Physics, which later commended the invention of transistors. In the 1940s, some researchers at Bell Laboratories thought of Lilinfeld's theory, and they began to try to develop transistors.

After the invention of electron tube in the early 20th century, a development wave of combining radio engineering with electronic engineering was set off. During the First World War alone, the American Western Electric Company produced more than 5 million electron tubes for the US military. While electron tubes are widely used, people also find that electron tubes have many shortcomings.

For example, the electron tube needs to be preheated and cannot be started immediately, just like it takes a while to listen to the program after the electron tube radio is turned on; The volume of electron tubes is relatively large, which makes the electronic equipment must be very large to accommodate a given number of electron tubes; In addition, the electron tube is easy to age, which is mainly related to the continuous release of electrons when the filament is heated and the chronic leakage of vacuum.

Lilinfeld's theory gives people a new idea. People can use semiconductors instead of electron tubes to make more stable, energy-saving and durable current amplification and control components. 1945, the electronic engineer of Bell Laboratories was in William? Under the leadership of shockley, he used semiconductors to develop transistors.

Because there has been no breakthrough in the experiment, and the scientific community at that time has been skeptical about whether this new transistor can be successfully developed immediately, William? Shockley quit the development process. This project was developed by two of his colleagues, John? Bardeen and Walter? Brighton, go ahead. See you later, John? Badin relies on his theory of surface characteristics of electric current passing through semiconductors, which was put forward by Walter? On February 23rd, 1947, 1947, the first transistor in the world was successfully developed with the help of the experimental device built in bratton.

At that time, they made a "point contact" transistor with germanium material. 1950101On October 3rd, the US Patent Office approved the transistor patents applied by Badin and bratton. Due to the shortcomings of point contact transistor, such as limited magnification and high noise, William? Shockley later transformed it. He successfully developed a "surface contact" transistor using silicon material, and later shockley's invention was patented.

1956, the nobel prize jury decided to award the nobel prize in physics to John? Badin, William? Shockley, Walter? Bratton three people, in recognition of their * * * invented the transistor. The invention of transistor made people fully realize the great power of semiconductor, and the electronic industry entered the silicon age. It also laid the foundation for the invention of integrated circuits and led the electronic industry into the microelectronics era.

At present, the standard to measure a country's entry into the information technology society is that the output value of a country's semiconductor industry accounts for five thousandths of the total industrial and agricultural output value. After the birth of the transistor, the development speed is amazing. In the early 1950s, The New York Times commented on the transistor: "I'm afraid this thing is useless except as a hearing aid.

By the end of 1950s, if radios were not made of transistors, few people would buy them. After the invention of the transistor, it was not only widely used in the manufacture of electronic technology products such as radios and televisions, but also triggered the revolution of electronic computers, and entered the transistor era from the "electron tube" era.

Although VLSI has been widely used in modern computers, transistors are still an important part of integrated circuits. Although modern TV sets have adopted liquid crystal (LCD) technology and plasma (PDP) TV technology to replace CRT on a large scale, their integrated circuits still contain a large number of transistor units.

Transistors made of photoelectric effect are also called phototransistors. French physicist Anthony? E. Bekkerel discovered it at 1839. Photosensitive transistor not only has photoelectric conversion function, but also can amplify optical signals. It has applications in automatic control equipment, such as optical detectors, photoelectric encoders and decoders, characteristic identification, process control, laser receivers, photoelectric switches and remote control signal receivers.