question 2: the following statements about the chemical reaction rate are incorrect: (a) when the chemical reaction reaches the maximum, the positive and negative reaction rates also reach the maximum, and when the A reaction reaches the maximum, the positive and negative reaction rates are equal but not the maximum, which is wrong. Although the catalyst does not affect the movement of equilibrium, it shortens the time to reach equilibrium and improves the production efficiency. B is correct. In item C, a copper-zinc primary battery can be formed, and zinc is used as the negative electrode to accelerate the reaction rate. In item d, concentrated sulfuric acid passivates iron and does not produce H 2
question 3: what is the most authoritative website in chemistry? Who has the greatest influence on chemistry at present? The most authoritative website in chemistry: zk5u ks5u e-huaxue
At present, people who have the greatest influence on chemistry: Xu Guangxian, Zhang Qinglian, Hou Debang, Mendeleev, Bohr, etc.
Question 4: What should be paid attention to when applying for a patent in the chemical field Abstract: This paper discusses the common problems in the process of writing patent application documents in the chemical field, and puts forward some suggestions on how to write a patent application document with maximum protection scope.
Keywords: patent application; Chemistry; Problems; Suggestions
1. Introduction
At present, China's annual application for invention patents is second only to the United States and Japan, and it has become a veritable patent application country. In 25, the number of patent applications filed by China residents reached 93,, an increase of 42.1% over 24, the largest increase in the world. During the ten years from 1995 to 25, the number of patent applications filed by China residents increased by more than eight times. According to the report made by Li Yuguang, deputy director of China National Intellectual Property Administration, the number of patent applications accepted in China is increasing by 3% every year. By the end of 27, the number of invention patent applications in China has jumped to the third place in the world.
Although the number of patent applications in China has greatly increased in recent years, people's awareness of patent protection needs to be continuously strengthened, and the professional quality of patent agency employees still needs to be greatly improved, so as to fundamentally enhance the level of patent protection in China. Compared with the rapid development of China's oil refining and chemical industry, the corresponding patent protection is relatively backward. In addition to the late implementation of the patent system in China, an important reason is that the chemical field has great particularity compared with other fields, which increases the difficulty of patent protection in the chemical field.
This particularity in the field of chemistry is embodied in the following aspects: firstly, it is manifested in the complexity of process conditions. As far as a chemical process is concerned, there are not only many process parameters and influencing factors involved, but also cross each other; Secondly, it is often difficult to predict whether chemical inventions can be implemented, and they must be confirmed by experimental results. Thirdly, the structure of some chemical products is still unclear and has to be defined by performance parameters and/or preparation methods; In addition, it is found that the new properties and uses of a chemical product do not mean the change of its structure or composition, so it cannot be regarded as a new product [1]. Therefore, writing patent application documents in the chemical field is difficult for beginners who just started to engage in the patent agency industry, and they will encounter many problems in the practical operation.
II. Frequently asked questions in writing patent application documents in the chemical field
Compared with other fields, the problems encountered in writing patent application documents in the chemical field are similar and special. The following are some common questions:
(1) The previous search work was not comprehensive, the closest existing technology was not found, and the background technology was not accurately written, which led to an increase in communication time with examiners after submitting the patent application documents.
(2) The technical scheme is not fully disclosed, and the key components or experimental steps are omitted or replaced by self-made codes, which makes it impossible for technicians in the field to implement the invention according to the contents of the specification, thus resulting in the rejection of the patent application.
(3) Tell the whole story about the invention, and write out the experimental scheme or process exactly. Although it is novel and creative, even if the patent is authorized, the scope of protection will be very narrow. Moreover, some innovations that could have been protected as technical secrets are also made public together, which is not worth the loss and harms the interests of the applicant.
(4) can't distinguish the necessary technical features. * * * There are technical features and distinguishing technical features, which are called necessary technical features together. Because the closest technology has not been found out, it cannot be accurately demarcated. Therefore, when writing the independent claim, I don't know which technical features should be kept and which should be written into the dependent claim, which leads to the limited protection scope of the independent claim or the lack of necessary technical features, which makes the technical scheme incomplete.
(5) The examples are insufficient or only written as conditional experiments. It is precisely because of the complexity of inventions in the chemical field, many influencing factors and many variables that sometimes the examples are not sufficient and do not take into account all the technological conditions or the numerical range of the formula in the claim, so the examples can not support the claim well. In addition, sometimes the agent directly uses the conditional experimental data provided by the inventor when writing the embodiment, that is, only one variable is changed at the same time, and other factors remain unchanged, so as to get an experimental result. The disadvantage of this embodiment is that others can easily see the changing law of the experiment from the conditional experiment. Although the patent is disclosed in exchange for protection, our principle is to exchange moderate disclosure for maximum protection. Therefore, to avoid this situation, it is best to change multiple variables together.
(6) The description of the invention effect is not sufficient, and there is no convincing test data and test method, only assertion. Although in order to unify the examination standards, the examination guide defines a method to master all the existing in this field ... >: >
Question 5: Why is the equilibrium state of chemical reaction the maximum equilibrium state of the reaction is the limit of the reaction?
Question 6: What does the maximum storage quantity of chemicals q1 mean? q1, q2, q3, …, qn mean the actual quantity of each hazardous chemical, and the unit is tons, which is the superposition effect when many hazardous chemicals coexist. It is possible that a single hazardous chemical does not meet the conditions of constituting a major hazard source, but many hazardous chemicals.
Question 7: What is the highest degree of chemical heating bag? In middle school textbooks, generally speaking, high temperature can be regarded as high temperature if it exceeds the highest temperature of the external flame of alcohol lamp. This temperature usually takes a certain value of 6℃-8℃ (the external flame temperature of alcohol lamp ranges from 4℃ to 8℃). However, the meaning of "high temperature" in general is context-sensitive and depends on the needs of the reaction itself.