1. What are the financing ways for SMEs
There are mainly the following 12 financing ways for SMEs:
1. Comprehensive credit
That is, banks grant a certain amount of credit lines to some enterprises with good operating conditions and reliable credit for a certain period of time, and enterprises can recycle them within the validity period and the range of credit lines. The comprehensive credit line shall be declared by the enterprise at one time and approved by the bank at one time.
enterprises can use the money in installments according to their own operating conditions, and it is very convenient for enterprises to borrow money and save financing costs. Banks provide loans in this way, generally for enterprises with industrial and commercial registration, qualified annual inspection, good management, reliable reputation and long-term cooperative relations with banks.
second, credit guarantee loans
in 31 provinces and municipalities across the country, more than 1 cities have established credit guarantee institutions for SMEs. Most of these institutions implement the form of membership management, which belongs to public service, industry self-discipline and self-non-profit organizations. The source of the guarantee fund is generally composed of local government financial allocation, member funds voluntarily paid by members, funds raised by the society and funds from commercial banks. When the enterprise cannot provide the guarantee measures acceptable to the bank, such as mortgage, pledge or third-party credit guarantor, the guarantee company can solve these problems.
third, the buyer's loan
if the products of the enterprise have a reliable market, but in the case of insufficient capital, poor financial management foundation and difficulties in providing collateral or seeking third-party guarantee, the bank can provide loan support to the buyers of its products according to the sales contract.
the seller can charge a certain percentage of advance payment from the buyer to solve the financial difficulties in the production process. Or the buyer issues a bank acceptance bill, and the seller takes the bill to the bank for discount.
iv. cooperative loans in different places
some small and medium-sized enterprises sell their products widely, or provide supporting parts for some large enterprises, or are loose subsidiaries of enterprise groups. In the process of producing cooperative products, it is necessary to supplement production funds. You can seek a lead bank to provide loans to the group company in a unified way, and then the group company will provide the necessary funds to the cooperative enterprises, and the local banks will cooperate with the contract supervision. It can also be combined by the lead bank and the bank of the cooperative enterprise in different places to provide loans separately.
V. Project Development Loan
Some high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises can apply for project development loans from banks if they have significant scientific and technological achievements transformation projects and the initial investment amount is relatively large, which is unbearable for their own capital.
commercial banks will give active credit support to small and medium-sized enterprises with high-tech products or patent projects with mature technology and good market prospects, and small and medium-sized enterprises that use high-tech achievements for technological transformation, so as to promote enterprises to accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
VI. Loans for earning foreign exchange through export
For enterprises producing export products, banks can provide packaged loans according to export contracts or credit visas provided by importers. Enterprises with cash accounts can provide foreign exchange mortgage loans.
for enterprises with foreign exchange income sources, they can obtain RMB loans with foreign exchange settlement certificates. Enterprises with good export prospects can also borrow a certain amount of technical transformation loans.
VII. Guaranteed loans by natural persons
In August p>22, China Industrial and Commercial Bank took the lead in launching the business of guaranteed loans by natural persons. In the future, when domestic institutions of ICBC handle credit business for small and medium-sized enterprises with a term of less than three years, natural persons can provide property guarantees and assume compensation responsibilities.
natural person guarantee can take three ways: mortgage, pledge of rights and mortgage plus guarantee. Mortgage plus guarantee refers to the joint and several liability guarantee of the mortgagor on the basis of property mortgage. If the borrower fails to repay all the loan principal and interest on schedule or other breach of contract occurs, the bank will require the guarantor to fulfill the guarantee obligation.
VIII. Personal entrusted loans
Commercial banks such as China Construction Bank, Minsheng Bank and CITIC Industrial Bank have successively launched a new type of financing business-personal entrusted loans. That is, a loan that is entrusted by an individual to provide funds, and is issued, supervised, used and assisted by a commercial bank according to the loan object, purpose, amount, term and interest rate determined by the client.
IX. Intangible assets secured loan
According to the relevant provisions of the Security Law of the People's Republic of China, intangible assets such as trademark exclusive right, patent right and property right in copyright that can be transferred according to law can be used as loan collateral.
X. bill discount financing
bill discount financing refers to the transfer of commercial bills to banks by bill holders to obtain funds after deducting discount interest. In China, commercial paper mainly refers to bank acceptance bills and commercial acceptance bills. One of the advantages of this financing method is that banks do not lend money according to the asset size of enterprises, but according to market conditions (sales contracts).
Xi. financial leasing
financial leasing has become the second largest financing method for equipment investment in developed countries, after bank credit. Financial leasing is a new financing method which integrates credit, trade and leasing, and is characterized by the separation of ownership and use right of leased objects.
after the equipment user takes a fancy to a certain equipment, he can entrust a financial leasing company to purchase it, and then deliver the equipment to the enterprise in the form of leasing. When the enterprise pays off the rent within the contract period, it will eventually own the ownership of the equipment.
XII. Pawning financing
Pawning is a kind of financing method that takes physical objects as collateral and obtains temporary loans in the form of ownership transfer of physical objects. Compared with bank loans, pawn loans have higher cost and smaller loan scale, but they also have incomparable advantages
Extended materials
The financing problem of small and medium-sized enterprises has always been a problem in China's economic development. By analyzing its restrictive factors, it can be attributed to external environmental factors and small and medium-sized enterprises' own factors, and the analysis of restrictive factors is a prerequisite to solve the problem.
environmental factors
1. government factors
the social nature of China determines the degree to which the government attaches importance to state-owned enterprises. For a long time, the national support policy has been tilted towards large enterprises, but the support for small and medium-sized enterprises is not enough, which is the historical reason for the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises.
large enterprises can easily obtain funds in the capital market and the money market, but the financing threshold for small and medium-sized enterprises has been raised a lot accordingly, and small and medium-sized enterprises must pay higher costs to obtain loans.
2. Factors of financial institutions
The operating mechanism of bank financial institutions restricts the financing of SMEs. Under the impact of the financial crisis, governments all over the world have adopted the principle of prudence in order to effectively avoid the deeper harm caused by the financial crisis.
3. Factors of credit guarantee system
The credit guarantee system for small and medium-sized enterprises is not perfect, there are few institutions providing loan guarantee for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the types and quantity of guarantee funds are far from meeting the demand. Private guarantee institutions are discriminated against by ownership, so they can only bear the risk of secured loans alone, and cannot form a * * * bearing mechanism with cooperative banks.
4. Direct financing factors
The direct external financing of enterprises is mainly through equity financing by issuing stocks and bond financing by issuing corporate bonds. As far as equity financing is concerned, the threshold for listing is too high, which makes it impossible for most small and medium-sized enterprises to solve urgently needed funds in this way.
5. Factors of legal system
The survival and development of small and medium-sized enterprises have always lacked effective legal protection. Although a few laws, such as the Company Law and the Partnership Enterprise Law, have certain norms for small and medium-sized enterprises, they have little protection for financing such as loans, guarantees and listing of small and medium-sized enterprises.
SMEs' own factors
1. Small and medium-sized quality of enterprise is low, and their credit status is poor
The quality of SMEs in China is generally not high, and quite a few of them are urban and rural enterprises. Their technological innovation ability is weak, they lack competitiveness, and the market risk is high, which makes financial institutions such as banks dare not extend loans to them.
SMEs are mostly private enterprises or partnerships, with backward management level, high operational risks, poor credit concept, imperfect financial system and opaque information, which makes financial institutions unable to grasp the loan risks of SMEs and increases the lending risks.
2. Small and medium-sized enterprises lack collateral
No matter what enterprises require loans or guarantees, they need collateral to provide guarantees. The only collateral for small and medium-sized enterprises is their limited and low-value land, real estate and machinery and equipment, and their scale also restricts the value of these collateral.
3. Small and medium-sized enterprises are short of talents
Most small and medium-sized enterprises in China are private enterprises. The quality of enterprise leaders is not high, and they lack modern management concepts and leadership. The development of enterprises requires managers to show foresight and advanced financing concepts, plan a reasonable financing method for enterprises, and raise funds to meet the needs of enterprise development at a lower financing cost.