First, the preparation of meat duck feed
In order to ensure the normal growth and development of meat ducks and give full play to their genetic potential, feed should be prepared according to their characteristics and nutritional needs at different physiological stages. If meat ducks are raised by grazing, their growth rate is slow, so feed should be prepared according to the nutritional characteristics of the food obtained by grazing to improve the feeding effect and reduce the feeding cost. The reference feed formula is:
1, duckling feed, corn 50%, vegetable cake 20%, broken rice 10%, bran 10%, fish meal 7.5%, meat meal 1%, shell meal 1% and salt 0.5%.
2. Feed for middle-aged and old-aged ducks in fattening period: corn 50%, wheat 17%, bran 12%, broken rice 10%, vegetable cake 5%, fish meal 4.5%, shell powder10% and salt 0.5%.
3. The nutrients in the feed with good palatability should be stable and easy to store. Whether it is artificial preparation or mechanical processing, the final feed products should be mixed evenly.
Prohibit the use of illegal drugs, especially in the feed of meat ducks in the late growth period, and prohibit the use of any pharmaceutical feed additives to ensure the safety of duck products.
Second, the preparation of laying duck feed
The feed formula for laying ducks should be easy to operate when selecting raw materials. It is required that the quality of feed raw materials is stable, the quantity is sufficient, the price is appropriate, and it has the advantage of local resources. When preparing the diet for laying ducks, the suitable nutritional concentration of the compound feed should be determined according to the age and intake of ducks. The reference formula is:
1, laying ducklings (1 ~ 8 weeks): 58.7% corn, 26% soybean meal, 7% rapeseed meal or cotton meal, 4% stone meal (both bone meal and shell meal are acceptable), 4% premix No.6 and 0.3% salt. In the first week, it is recommended that all ducklings be fed full-price pellet feed.
2. Duck in egg (8 weeks ~ spawning): 64% corn, 65,438+06% soybean meal, 6% rapeseed meal or cotton meal, 9.7% stone meal (both bone meal and shell meal are acceptable), 4% premix No.6, 0.3% salt and proper amount of jinsaiwei.
3. Duck in laying period: 5 1% corn, 22% soybean meal, 3% rapeseed meal or cotton meal, 10% secondary meal, 9.7% stone meal (both bone meal and shell meal), 4% premix No.6 and 0.3% salt.
Types of feed for raising ducks
First, grain feed
Including corn, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, rice, broken rice, millet and so on. This feed contains 60%~70% starch and sugar, which is the main source of energy. However, this feed contains less protein and less calcium and phosphorus. If only this kind of feed is used, it can't meet the nutritional needs of ducks. When preparing duck's diet, it is appropriate to use 50%~60% of this feed.
1. corn accounts for a large proportion in the compound feed, and its effective energy value is high, and its metabolic energy content is as high as13.50 mj ~14.04 mj/kg. However, corn is low in protein content, unbalanced in essential amino acids, and deficient in mineral elements and vitamins. Other feeds and additives must be added to the compound feed.
2. Wheat: Wheat has high energy content, less crude fiber and good palatability. Its crude protein content is the highest in cereals, but threonine and lysine are lacking, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is not suitable. It must be used in combination with other feeds.
3. Barley: The metabolic energy per kilogram of barley is about 1 1.34 MJ, which is lower than that of corn. The crude fiber content is higher than that of corn, but the crude protein content is higher, which is about 1 1%~ 12%, and its quality is better than other cereals. Feeding young ducks with barley should be limited, and the dosage in duck diet is generally 15%~30%.
4. Oats: The metabolic energy per kilogram of oats is about 65,438+065,438+0 MJ, the crude protein is 9% ~ 65,438+065,438+0%, and it contains more lysine, but the crude fiber content is also high, reaching 65,438+00%, so it is not easy to be used too much in ducklings and breeding ducks.
5. Sorghum: The metabolic energy of sorghum is 12 MJ ~ 13.7 MJ/kg. The content of protein is similar to that of corn, but the quality is poor, and other ingredients are similar to that of corn. Because sorghum contains more tannins, tastes bitter and has poor palatability, it should be used in duck diet in a limited amount and should not exceed 15%.
Second, bran feed
Bran feed mainly includes wheat bran, rice bran and sorghum bran. It contains 40%~55% starch and sugar, and its energy content is slightly lower than that of cereal feed, but it contains more protein and calcium, which is the most phosphorus-containing type in plant feed. This kind of feed is rich in crude fiber, large in size and low in energy, so it is not suitable to feed more ducklings, but more for adults.
1, wheat bran: Wheat bran includes wheat and barley, contains more protein, phosphorus, magnesium and B vitamins, has good palatability, fluffy texture and laxative effect, and is a common feed for raising ducks, but the crude fiber content is high, so the dosage should be controlled. The consumption of wheat bran by ducklings generally accounts for 5%~ 15% of the diet in laying period and 10%~25% in growing period.
2. Rice bran: Rice bran is a mixture of husk, aleurone layer, embryo and a small amount of endosperm separated when brown rice is processed into polished rice. Its nutritional value is related to the degree of processing. It contains about 0/2% crude protein/kloc-,less calcium and more phosphorus, is rich in vitamin B group and high in crude fat, and is easy to rancid and deteriorate, so it is not suitable for long-term storage in hot weather. Because there is a lot of crude fiber in rice bran, which affects digestion, it should also be used in limited quantities. Generally, the consumption of rice bran for ducklings accounts for 5%~ 10% of the diet, and it accounts for 10%~20% in the growing period.
Third, protein feed.
Feed in protein can be divided into two categories: plant feed and animal feed.
1. Plant protein feed: mainly includes bean cake, peanut cake, cottonseed cake, rapeseed cake, sesame cake, etc. Its crude protein content is about 40%. This feed can account for 15%~20% in the diet.
2. Animal protein feed: mainly includes fish meal, blood meal, silkworm chrysalis, meat meal, feather meal, leftovers from aquatic products and meat processing, earthworms, mussels, shrimps, earthworms and insects. Dry animal feed contains high crude protein, for example, fish meal contains 30%~60% crude protein, contains a large number of essential amino acids, and also contains a complete range, which is lacking in plant feed. This feed generally accounts for 3%~7% in the diet, and 5%~ 10% in the diet of growing and laying ducks.
Fourthly, mineral feed.
Mineral feed mainly includes shell powder, eggshell powder, limestone, bone powder, calcium phosphate and salt.
1, shell powder, limestone and eggshell powder mainly provide calcium, accounting for about 1% in the diet of ducklings and 5%~7% in the diet of adult ducks.
(1) Shell powder: Shell powder is the best feed for calcium supplementation, rich in calcium and easy to absorb. The consumption of ducklings is about 1%, and that of adults is 5%~7%.
(2) Limestone: It is the cheapest mineral feed with high calcium content, but it should be noted that the magnesium content should not be too high.
(3) Eggshell powder: Eggshell powder is a good calcium feed after eggshell processing.
2. Bone meal and calcium hydrogen phosphate are excellent supplementary feed for phosphorus and calcium. Bone meal and calcium hydrogen phosphate account for 1%~ 1.5% in the diet.
(1) Bone meal: calcium content is about 36%, phosphorus content 16%. It is not only rich in calcium and phosphorus, but also in a proper proportion. It is a good calcium and phosphorus supplement feed. The dosage of bone meal generally accounts for 1%~3% of the diet. If the disinfection of bone meal is not strict during processing, it will often carry a large number of pathogenic microorganisms, which is easy to cause infection. So choose high quality bone meal.
(2) Calcium hydrogen phosphate: the phosphorus content is 18.97%, the calcium content is 24.3%, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus meets the needs of ducks. Corruption should be prevented when using bone meal, and the fluorine content should not exceed the standard when using calcium hydrogen phosphate.
3. Salt: Salt mainly supplies sodium and chlorine. Because plant feed is short of sodium and chlorine, it must be supplemented frequently. Generally, salt accounts for 0.3%~0.57% in the diet. If there is fish meal in the feed, it is necessary to count the salt content in the fish meal.
4. Trace mineral feed: commonly used are ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate (zinc oxide), potassium iodide, calcium iodate, sodium selenite, cobalt chloride, etc. , added to the diet in the form of additive premix.
Five, green feed
Green feed includes all kinds of non-toxic grass (pasture), leaves, duckweed, aquatic plants, vegetable leaves and roots. It contains comprehensive nutrients, high content of protein in dry matter, good quality, rich in carotene, minerals and various B vitamins; Moreover, it has low crude fiber content, good palatability, easy digestion and absorption, wide sources and low cost, and is a good feed for raising ducks. Generally, green feed can account for 10%~30% of the daily diet.
Proper preparation should be made before using green feed, such as washing, chopping or pulping, which is beneficial to the intake and digestion of ducks. In the process of use, the effects of different growth stages of plants on nutrient content and digestibility should be considered and mowed in time. Due to the seasonality of turquoise feed, in order to supply it all year round and meet the requirements of ducks, some grasses or vegetables with different biological characteristics can be selectively cultivated artificially for feeding.
Six, gravel
Gravel has no nutrients, but it plays a grinding role in the stomach and promotes the digestion and absorption of feed. Adding gravel to duck feed can improve feed conversion rate, save food and help improve duck's anti-stress ability, especially for ducks in captivity.