Question 2: What are the types of glass? Glass (silicate nonmetallic material)
Glass is a transparent semi-solid and semi-liquid material, which forms a continuous network structure when melting, and its viscosity gradually increases and hardens during cooling, and it will not crystallize. Composition of common glass chemical oxides (Na2O? Cao? 6SiO2), the main component is silicon dioxide. Widely used in buildings, used for wind and shading, belonging to a mixture. There are colored glasses mixed with oxides or salts of certain metals to show colors, and tempered glasses made by special methods. Some transparent plastics (such as polymethyl methacrylate) are sometimes called plexiglass. Applied editing
Timely glass, silicate glass, soda-lime glass, fluoride glass, high-temperature glass, high-pressure glass, ultraviolet-proof glass and explosion-proof glass. Usually refers to silicate glass, which is made of quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone through mixing, high-temperature melting, homogenization, processing and molding, and then annealing. Widely used in construction, daily use, medical treatment, chemistry, electronics, instrumentation, nuclear engineering and other fields. General editor
Glass is an amorphous solid with irregular structure (from a microscopic point of view, glass is also a liquid), and its molecules are not arranged in a long-range order in space like crystals, but in a short-range order like liquids. Glass keeps a certain shape like a solid, unlike liquid, which flows by gravity.
isotropy
The molecular arrangement of glass is irregular, and its molecules have statistical uniformity in space. In an ideal state, the physical and chemical properties of homogeneous glass (such as refractive index, hardness, elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, etc. ) It's the same in all directions.
There is no fixed melting point
The transition of glass from solid to liquid is carried out in a certain temperature range (that is, the softening temperature range), which is different from crystalline substances and has no fixed melting point. The softening temperature range is Tg~T 1, Tg is the transition temperature, T 1 is the liquidus temperature, and the corresponding viscosities are 10 13.4 respectively.
dPa？ s、 104~6dPa？ south
Metastability
Generally speaking, glassy substances are obtained by rapid cooling of the melt. When the melt is transformed into glassy, the viscosity increases sharply during the cooling process, so that the particles can not be arranged regularly to form crystals, and the latent heat of crystallization can not be released. Therefore, glassy substances contain higher internal energy than crystalline substances, and their energy is between molten and crystalline substances, which belongs to metastable state. From the mechanical point of view, glass is an unstable high-energy state, such as the tendency of low-energy state transition, that is, the tendency of crystallization, so glass is a metastable solid material.
Asymptotic reversibility
The process of glassy substances from molten state to solid state is gradual, and the changes of their physical and chemical properties are also continuous and gradual. This is obviously different from the crystallization process of melt. During the crystallization process, new phases will inevitably appear, and many properties will suddenly change near the crystallization temperature. However, the transition of glassy substances from molten state to solid state is completed in a wide temperature range. With the gradual decrease of temperature, the viscosity of glass melt gradually increased, and finally solid glass was formed, but no new phase was formed in the process. On the contrary, the process of heating glass into melt is also gradual. Classified editing
According to the process
Hot-melt glass: relief glass, forged glass, crystal colored glass, colored glass, wire-clamped glass, polycrystalline glass, glass mosaic, tempered glass, laminated glass, insulating glass, dimming glass and luminescent glass.
More and more people are beginning to pay attention to display handicrafts, a large part of which are made of glass.
According to output
The simple classification of glass is mainly divided into flat glass and deep-processed glass. There are three main types of flat glass: pulling method (with or without grooves), flat pulling method and float glass. Float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing because of its uniform thickness, flat and parallel upper and lower surfaces, high labor productivity and easy management. There are many kinds of special glass, which are explained according to the common varieties in decoration: 1. Ordinary flat glass.
1, 3-4 PCT glass, mm is also called PCT or PCT in daily life. When we say 3% glass, we mean glass with a thickness of 3 mm, which is mainly used for the surface of picture frames.
2, 5-6 mm glass, mainly used for exterior walls, doors and windows and other small areas of light-transmitting modeling.
3, 7-9 mm glass, mainly used in large areas such as indoor screens but protected by borders.
Flat glass diagram
4, 9- 10 mm glass, can be used for indoor large-area partitions, railings and other decoration projects.
5. 1 1- 12cm glass, which can be used for ground spring glass doors and some movable doors ... >>
Question 3: What kinds of glass are there? Glass: a relatively transparent solid substance, which forms a continuous network structure when melting, and its viscosity gradually increases and hardens during cooling, and it will not crystallize. Composition of common glass chemical oxides (Na2O? Cao? 6SiO2), the main component is silicon dioxide. Widely used in building wind and shading.
Porcelain, also known as colored glass in ancient times, is a transparent, high strength and hardness, airtight material. Glass is chemically inert in daily environment and will not interact with living things, so it is widely used. Glass is generally insoluble in acid (except that hydrofluoric acid reacts with glass to form SiF4, which causes glass to be corroded); But soluble in strong alkali, such as cesium hydroxide. Glass is an amorphous supercooled liquid. The molten glass cools rapidly, and each molecule forms glass because there is not enough time to form crystals.
Glass can be simply divided into flat glass and special glass. There are three main types of flat glass: pulling method (with or without grooves), flat pulling method and float glass. Float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing because of its uniform thickness, flat and parallel upper and lower surfaces, high labor productivity and easy management. There are many varieties of special glass, which are explained according to the common varieties in decoration:
[Edit this paragraph] History of glass
Glass was originally solidified by acidic rocks ejected from volcanoes. Before about 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had made glass ornaments and simple glassware. There was only stained glass at that time. About 1000 BC, China made colorless glass. /kloc-in the 0/2 century, commercial glass appeared and began to become an industrial material. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, in order to meet the needs of developing telescopes, optical glass was manufactured. 1873, Belgium made flat glass for the first time. 1906, the United States made flat glass and introduced the machine. Since then, with the industrialization and scale of glass production, glasses with various uses and properties have come out one after another. In modern times, glass has become an important material in daily life, production and science and technology.
More than 3000 years ago, a European Phoenician merchant ship loaded with crystal mineral "natural soda" sailed on the Berus River on the Mediterranean coast. The merchant ship ran aground because of the low tide.
So the crew boarded the beach. Some crew members also carry cauldrons and firewood, and use a few pieces of "natural soda" as the support of the cauldron to cook on the beach.
After the crew finished eating, the tide began to rise. They were about to pack up their things and go on sailing when someone shouted, "Come and see, there are some glittering and translucent things on the sand at the bottom of the pot!" " "
The crew took these shiny things to the ship to study them carefully. They found some quartz sand and melted natural soda sticking to these shiny things. It turns out that these shiny things are natural soda used to make pot supports when they cook. Under the action of flame, they react with quartz sand on the beach to form crystals, which is the earliest glass. Later, the Phoenicians mixed quartz sand with natural soda, and then melted it in a special furnace to make glass balls, which made the Phoenicians make a fortune.
Around the 4th century, the Romans began to use glass on doors and windows. By 129 1 year, the glass manufacturing technology in Italy has been very developed.
"China's glass manufacturing technology must not be leaked out, and all the craftsmen who make glass are concentrated to produce glass!"
In this way, Italian glassworkers were sent to an isolated island to produce glass, and they were not allowed to leave the island for life.
1688, a man named Fu Na invented the method of making large pieces of glass. Since then, glass has become an ordinary article.
The glass we are using now is made of quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone at high temperature.
An amorphous solid material obtained by gradually increasing the viscosity of the melt during cooling. Sex is clear and transparent. There are timely glass, silicate glass, soda-lime glass and fluoride glass. Usually refers to silicate glass, which is made of quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone through mixing, high-temperature melting, homogenization, processing and molding, and then annealing. Widely used in construction, daily use, medical treatment, chemistry, electronics, instrumentation, nuclear engineering and other fields.
[Edit this paragraph] Classification of glass
Glass is classified according to production process.
-Hot melt glass:-embossed glass-forged glass-brilliant glass-glazed glass-laminated glass-hotel supplies-polycrystalline glass-glass mosaic-shadowless adhesive ... >>
Question 4: What are the simple classifications of glass? They are ordinary glass, flat glass and special glass. There are three main types of flat glass: flat glass drawing method (one slot/no slot), flat glass drawing method and float glass drawing method. Because the thickness of float glass is uniform, the upper and lower surfaces are smooth and parallel, and the labor productivity is high, it is the mainstream glass changing method. There are many varieties of special glass, and the common varieties suitable are:
Ordinary flat glass
. 1.3-4% glass, mm in daily life, also known as Li. We are talking about 3% glass, which is the thickness of 3mm glass. This manual is mainly used for the surface of glass frame. 2, 5-6% glass, mainly used for small-area light-transmitting modeling such as external walls, windows and doors. 3,7-? 9% of the glass is mainly used for large areas such as indoor screens, but it is protected by a modeling frame. 4,9-10.5 cm glass can be used for indoor large-area panels, railings and other decoration projects. Maybe 1 1 to 12% glass, springs on glass doors and some activities that can be used to cut off large flow. 6. Glass is more than 15%, which is generally less in the market and often needs to be ordered. Mainly used for large-area glass doors and spring glass brick walls.
The other two cups
Other glass said, but the author's classification of flat glass, this industry is not a formal classification. Mainly: 1, tempered glass. Then it is processed into prestressed glass with ordinary glass plate. Compared with ordinary glass plate, it has two characteristics: 1). The former has several times the strength, more than three times the tensile strength and more than five times the impact. 2) Glass should not be fragile, even if it is broken, it will be greatly discounted in the form of sharp particles that do not hurt people. 2, frosted glass. This is also the frosting treatment of ordinary flat glass. The average thickness is more than 9% or less than 9%, and the thickness is more than 5.6% per year. 3, sandblasting glass. The performance of the scrub is roughly the same as that of the scrub. Because of the visual similarity, many owners, professionals and even decoration have confused them. 4, embossed glass. Made by rolling on flat glass. Its biggest feature is that it is light-tight and uses toilets more. 5, enamel glass. Rolling method is to make glass, metal wire or metal mesh of flat glass by using radial cracks embedded in the impact caused by falling impact, so it will not be hurt. Therefore, it is used in high-rise buildings and has strong planting impact. 6. insulating glass. Among them, the second method is to bond the glass with a certain interval, and the interval is dry air, and then use the sealing material from the surrounding, which is mainly used for decoration with sound insulation requirements. 7. Laminated glass. Laminated glass is composed of an organic adhesive layer and glass between two ordinary flat glasses (glass or other special glasses). When damaged, the debris still adheres to the adhesive layer, so as to prevent the debris from splashing and hurting the human body. A number of renovation projects with safety requirements. 8. Bulletproof glass. A kind of laminated glass actually only uses more glass, and the amount of high-strength glass and laminated glass is relatively large. Among them, if it is used in banks or luxury decoration, it needs very high security. 9, hot bending glass. A large piece of flat glass is heated and softened in a mold, and then the surface is annealed. Beautiful style, smooth lines, there are some more and more advanced decorative frequencies. 10 glass brick. The basic difference between the produced glass brick and flat glass is the molding method. The dry air is used for decorative articles or shapes with translucent heat insulation requirements. 1 1, cellophane. Also called glass film, there are many colors and patterns. Depending on the properties of paper films with different properties. Most insulation, anti-infrared, anti-ultraviolet and so on.
Main components of classification
Glass composition is usually divided into oxide glass and non-oxide glass. Non-oxide glass and a small number of varieties, mainly chalcogenide glass and halide glass. Various anionic chalcogenide glasses include sulfur, selenium and tellurium. , and can be cut into yellow, red and near and far infrared light by short wavelength light, with low resistance and switching characteristics. Halide glass has low refractive index and small dispersion, and is mainly used as optical glass. Silicate glass is divided into oxide glass, borate glass and phosphate glass. Silicate glass refers to the basic composition of SiO 2 glass, which has many varieties and wide application range. SiO _ 2 glass, usually oxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, and different >: >
Question 5: What are the simple classifications of common glass types?
Glass can be simply divided into flat glass and special glass. There are three main types of flat glass: pulling method (with or without grooves), flat pulling method and float glass. Float glass is becoming the mainstream of glass manufacturing because of its uniform thickness, flat and parallel upper and lower surfaces, high labor productivity and easy management. There are many kinds of special glasses.
Question 6: What glass is the mobile phone screen made of? The color screen of mobile phone is different because of the difference of LCD quality and R&D technology, and its types are TFT, TFD, UFB, STN and organic light-emitting diode. Generally speaking, the more colors that can be displayed, the more complex the image that can be displayed, and the richer the level of the picture.
In addition to the above kinds of LCDs, you can also see other LCDs on some mobile phones, such as GF screen of Sharp in Japan and CG (Continuous Crystal Silicon) LCD. Compared with the two, they belong to completely different species. GF is an improvement of STN, which can improve the brightness of LCD, while CG is a high-precision and high-quality LCD with QVGA(240×320) pixel resolution.
thin film transistor
TFT (thin film transistor) is a kind of thin film field effect transistor, which belongs to an active matrix liquid crystal display. It can "actively" control each independent pixel on the screen, which can greatly improve the reaction time. Generally, the reaction time of TFT is relatively fast, about 80 milliseconds, and the viewing angle is large, which can generally reach about 130 degrees, and it is mainly used in high-end products. The so-called thin film field effect transistor (TFET) means that each LCD pixel is driven by a thin film transistor integrated behind it. So that screen information can be displayed at high speed, high brightness and high contrast. TFT belongs to active matrix liquid crystal display, which is driven by "active matrix" in technology. The method is to control the opening and closing of any display point by using the transistor electrode "active pull" made by thin film technology. When the light source illuminates, it first passes through the lower polarizer, and the light is transmitted by the liquid crystal molecules, so as to achieve the purpose of display through shading and light transmission.
TFD screen
TFD (thin film diode) screen, also known as thin film diode translucent liquid crystal display screen. TFD technology is jointly developed by Seiko and Epson, which is specially used on mobile phone screens. It is a compromise between TFT and STN, and its brightness and color saturation are better than STN, and it also saves electricity than TFT. The biggest feature is that it can provide high-quality and easy-to-watch display regardless of whether the backlight is turned off (reflective mode) or on (transmissive mode), and it has the advantages of low power consumption, high image quality and high response speed.
UFB screen
UFB LCD is a new type of mobile phone LCD released by Samsung in March 2002, which has the characteristics of ultra-thin and high brightness. UFB LCD is a display screen specially designed for mobile phones and tablets. It has the characteristics of ultra-thin and high brightness, and can display 65536 colors, reaching the resolution of 128 x 160. The display screen also adopts a special grating design, which can reduce the pixel spacing and get better picture quality. The contrast of UFB LCD screen is twice that of STN LCD screen, and its brightness is equivalent to that of TFT display screen in 65536 colors, but its power consumption is less than that of TFT display screen, and its price is similar to that of STN display screen, which can be said to combine the advantages of these two existing products.
Organic light emitting display
Organic light emitting display (OLED) is a new product on mobile phone LCD, which is called "dream display". Organic light emitting diode display technology is different from the traditional liquid crystal display mode. It does not need backlight, and uses very thin organic material coating and glass substrate. These organic materials will emit light when current passes through them. In addition, the OLED display screen can be made lighter and thinner, with a larger viewing angle, and can significantly save power consumption. Among the two major organic light-emitting diode technology systems, the low-molecular-weight organic light-emitting diode technology is mastered by Japan, while the technology and patents of polymer PLED (the so-called OEL of LG mobile phone is the product of this system) are mastered by British technology company CDT. Compared with PLED products, colorization is still difficult.
TFT-LCD liquid crystal display is a thin film transistor type liquid crystal display, that is, "true color" (TFT). Each pixel of TFT liquid crystal has a semiconductor switch, and each pixel can be directly controlled by point pulse, so each node is relatively independent and can be continuously controlled, which not only improves the response speed of the display screen, but also accurately controls the display color level, so the color of TFT liquid crystal is more realistic. TFT liquid crystal display is characterized by good brightness, high contrast, strong layering and bright colors, but it also has the disadvantages of high power consumption and high cost. Thin film transistor ...>& gt
Question 7: What is the material of mobile phone screen glass? The invention is mainly used for a touch screen panel of a mobile phone. This is a chemically strengthened glass. The raw material of glass is a special sodium silicate glass material. Through the exchange of sodium and potassium ions, the strength of glass is improved and the purpose of glass strengthening is achieved. The impact resistance, DOL and surface hardness of CS can reach 50um and 500mpa respectively.
Question 8: What are the types of mobile phone touch screens? Which is the best? There are two kinds of touch screens for mobile phones: resistive screens and capacitive screens. At present, most popular touch screens are lens screens, that is, flat resistance and mirror capacitive screens. Nokia is mostly resistive screen, and the representative of capacitive screen is iphone.
Resistive touch screen, commonly known as "soft screen", is mostly used in mobile phones with Windows Mobile system.
Capacitive touch screen is commonly known as "hard screen", such as iPhone, G 1.
Comparison between Resistance Screen and Capacitance Screen
First, indoor visual effects are usually good.
Second, touch sensitivity.
1, resistive touch screen: it needs pressure to make all layers of the screen contact, and you can use your fingers (even if you wear gloves), nails, stylus, etc. Supporting the stylus is very important in the Asian market, and gestures and character recognition are highly valued everywhere.
2. Capacitive touch screen: The slightest contact on the surface of a charged finger can also activate the capacitive sensing system at the bottom of the screen. Inanimate objects, nails and gloves are invalid. Handwriting recognition is difficult.
Third, accuracy.
1, resistive touch screen: the accuracy reaches at least a single display pixel, which can be seen with a stylus. Handwriting recognition is convenient and it is helpful to operate in an interface with small control elements.
2. Capacitive touch screen: In theory, the accuracy can reach several pixels, but in practice it will be limited by the contact area of fingers. It is difficult for users to accurately click on the target smaller than 1cm2.
Fourth, cost.
1, resistive touch screen: very cheap.
2. Capacitive touch screen: Capacitive screens from different manufacturers are more expensive than resistive screens 10% to 50%.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) feasibility of multi-touch
1, resistive touch screen: impossible unless the resistive screen is connected to the circuit of the machine.
2. Capacitive touch screen: According to different implementation methods and software, most mainstream mobile phones already support capacitive touch screens (except Nokia).
Sixth, the ability to resist losses
1, resistive touch screen: The fundamental characteristics of resistive screen determine that its top is soft and needs to be pressed. This makes the screen very prone to scratches. Resistive screens require protective films and relatively more frequent calibration. On the positive side, resistive touch screen devices using plastic layers are usually less prone to damage.
2. Capacitive touch screen: the outer layer can be made of glass. Although this is not indestructible, and it may break under severe impact, glass is still good for daily friction and stains.
Seven. clean
1, resistive touch screen: Because it can be operated with a stylus or nails, it is more difficult to leave fingerprints, oil stains and bacteria on the screen.
2, capacitive touch screen: touch with the whole finger, but the glass outer layer is easier to clean.
Eight, environmental adaptability
1, resistive touch screen: the specific value is unknown. However, there is evidence that Nokia 5800 with resistance screen can work normally at-15 C to+45 C, and there is no requirement for humidity.
2. Capacitive touch screen: The typical working temperature is between 0 and 35℃, and at least 5% humidity is required (limited by working principle). Nine, the visual effect in the sun
Resistive touch screen: usually broken. The extra screen layer reflects a lot of sunlight.
Question 9: What kinds of high-performance glass are there? High-performance glass commonly used in buildings
Optics: Low-E glass, heat reflective glass, prism glass.
Strength: tempered glass, laminated glass, laminated glass.
Heat conduction: insulating glass, vacuum glass and inert gas glass.
Appearance: colored laminated glass, colored glazed glass, corroded glass and carved glass.
Usability: polymer plexiglass, fireproof glass, ultra-white glass.
-Pure manual typing, please adopt it.
Question 10: What types of high-performance glass are commonly used in buildings?
Optics: Low-E glass, heat reflective glass, prism glass.
Strength: tempered glass, laminated glass, laminated glass.
Heat conduction: insulating glass, vacuum glass and inert gas glass.
Appearance: colored laminated glass, colored glazed glass, corroded glass and carved glass.
Usability: polymer plexiglass, fireproof glass, ultra-white glass.