First unit
1, China's national character (p4)
China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.
2. At present, the population in China includes (p4)
Workers, peasants, intellectuals and other socialist laborers, builders of the socialist cause
Patriots who defend socialism and support the reunification of the motherland.
People are the masters of the country and society. (p5)
Enjoy the power entrusted by the constitution to manage the country.
4. What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens (p6)
People is a political concept, which has different levels in different countries and different historical periods of the same country.
Horizontal content.
Citizen is a legal concept, which refers to having the nationality of a country and enjoying rights according to its constitution and laws.
And the person who undertakes the obligation.
5, the rights of citizens
(1) What are civil rights and what are the basic rights of citizens? (p5)
Civil rights refer to certain rights and interests recognized and granted to citizens by the Constitution and laws, and citizens enjoy these rights and interests.
State protection, material security. Because the civil rights stipulated in the Constitution are the most important and basic rights of citizens.
Therefore, it is called the basic rights of citizens.
(2) How are the rights of China citizens guaranteed (p7)?
The most important and effective thing is legal protection. China has established a division with the constitution as the core and legislation as the guarantee.
Legal protection is the main content of the right protection system to protect citizens' rights.
Legislative guarantee: it is to confirm the rights of citizens in the form of law and safeguard them with the coercive power of the state.
Judicial guarantee: it refers to punishing all kinds of infringement by law and protecting citizens' rights.
(3) The basic rights of China citizens are: (p9)
(1) Right to equality, political rights and freedoms, freedom of religious belief, personal freedom, state organs and
The right to criticize, suggest, appeal, report and expose its staff and the right to compensation; ⑥ Social and economic rights; ⑦
Educational, scientific and cultural rights and freedoms; The state's rights to women, marriage, family, children and the elderly.
Protection; The lawful rights and interests of overseas Chinese, returned overseas Chinese and their relatives are protected by law. The Constitution is the basic right of citizens.
Confirmation and guarantee. )
(4) How to exercise the right correctly: (P 10- 1 1)
Citizens should respect the rights of others when exercising their rights.
(2) When exercising their rights, citizens shall not harm the interests of the state, society and the collective.
(3) Exercise rights within the scope permitted by law.
(4) exercising rights according to law.
6. Obligations of citizens
Obligations in a broad sense include legal obligations and moral obligations.
(1) legal obligation (p 16)
Meaning: Legal obligation is an obligation that citizens are required to fulfill by the Constitution and laws.
Content: the obligation to safeguard national unity and national unity; Obligation to keep state secrets; treasure
Take good care of public property, observe labor discipline, observe public order and respect social morality; Defend the security of the motherland
Obligations of honesty, honor and interests; Obligation to perform military service and join militia organizations according to law; Obligation to pay taxes according to law, etc.
(2) Moral obligation (p 17)
Meaning: refers to the voluntary commitment of social members to others and society according to social ethics.
Moral responsibility.
Function (meaning): The voluntary fulfillment of moral obligations by members of society is not only conducive to the formation of warmth and harmony.
Harmonious interpersonal relationship can promote the civilization and progress of the whole society.
Basic morality: patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and honesty, unity and friendship, diligence and self-improvement, dedication and dedication.
The relationship between legal obligation and moral obligation;
(3) the relationship between legal obligation and moral obligation
(1) Communication: such as caring for public property, observing public order and respecting social morality.
When the state recognizes it as a legal norm, it becomes a legal obligation.
② Difference: Legal obligation is stipulated by national laws, while moral obligation arises spontaneously in social life.
Cheng; Legal obligations are guaranteed by state coercion, while moral obligations are realized by public opinion, habits and society.
Members voluntarily perform.
(4) How to faithfully perform obligations? (p 18-2 1)
We actively do what the law encourages us to do.
We must do it according to the requirements of the law.
We are determined not to do what is forbidden by law.
7. Why do citizens have to fulfill their obligations while enjoying their rights? (Page 14- 15)
(1) Enjoying rights belongs to obtaining, and fulfilling obligations belongs to paying. We can't just get nothing, and we can't just enjoy it.
Enjoy rights but not perform obligations.
In China, the rights and obligations of citizens are consistent. Each of us is not only the subject of enjoying rights, but also
It is the subject of fulfilling obligations. Therefore, we should not only strengthen the concept of rights, exercise and safeguard rights according to law,
Moreover, we should strengthen the concept of obligation and fulfill our obligations according to law. Each of us should be aware of the sense of responsibility as a master.
Fulfill one's due obligations.
Consciously fulfilling our obligations is our unshirkable responsibility and an important manifestation of patriotism.
Unit 2 Our Individual Rights
1. Personal rights are the most basic and important rights of citizens, including personality rights and identity rights. Personality right is a human right.
As a person's inherent basic rights. Including the right to life and health, personal freedom, name, portrait, reputation,
right of privacy
2. Right to life and health (p24-3 1)
(1) According to the law, citizens have the right to life and health and are not infringed by others.
(2) Importance: The right to life and health is the primary personal right, and it is the right of citizens to participate in all social activities and enjoy all other rights.
The basis of profit. Once you lose your life, any right loses its meaning, and the right to life and health is the most fundamental personal right of citizens.
Li.
(3) The law gives special protection to minors' right to life and health: ① The laws of our country prohibit the abuse and abandonment of minors,
It is forbidden to drown or abandon babies. (2) employers are prohibited from illegally recruiting minors under the age of 16. ③ It is forbidden to arrange underage workers.
(Workers aged over 16 but under 18) are engaged in underground, toxic and harmful labor with high labor intensity.
(4) Equal rights and equal care-actively exercise the right to life and health and care for the life and health of others.
A, actively exercise the right to life and health
How to exercise the right to life and health: ① cherish life, maintain health, actively exercise, improve health level, and make yourself
Have a strong body and a radiant spirit; (2) Have the right to seek medical treatment in time when sick, restore health and enhance physical fitness;
(3) When one's life and health are illegally infringed upon by others, one has the right to defend oneself according to law and request legal protection.
Reasons for actively exercising the right to life and health: (1) This is not only the right of citizens, but also our care and responsibility for ourselves.
Ren. (2) People are social and have social responsibilities from birth. If a person suffers from difficulties, setbacks and setbacks,
Suicide will inevitably bring endless sorrow and huge property losses to relatives and friends, and it will also lead to the elderly being left unattended and young.
Nobody cares about a series of social problems. Acts such as suicide or self-harm are against social morality and law.
Care about the life and health of others.
Give examples of caring about the life and health of others: escorting children to cross the road; The wounded and sick in Lu Yu struggled to rescue them; For the wounded.
Donate blood, etc
While enjoying the right to life and health, we have the moral obligation and legal obligation not to infringe on the right to life and health of others. No one is allowed to illegally deprive others of their lives, even those who are loyal to their families, because this is a violation of the right to life. No one may intentionally or negligently cause injuries or illnesses to others, because these acts violate the right to health. Infringement of others' right to life and health not only harms others' life and health, but also harms themselves, and should be punished by law.
3. Right to personal freedom (page 26)
Importance: Personal freedom is the basic guarantee for us to participate in various activities and fully enjoy other rights.
The law stipulates that no organization or individual may infringe upon citizens' personal freedom. Prohibit illegal body search, illegal confinement, illegal
Detention.
4. As a person's minimum social status, the minimum right to be respected by others and society is the right to personal dignity.
This right is manifested in two aspects: self-esteem and respect for others. It is embodied in the right of reputation, portrait, name and privacy (p35).
5. Right of reputation (P35-39)
(1) Reputation
Meaning: A person's reputation is an objective social evaluation of a specific person's morality, talent and credibility.
Status: Fame embodies personal dignity.
A good reputation depends first and foremost on a person's good performance. In real life, people with good conduct are not always treated accordingly.
Objective evaluation.
(2) Right of reputation
Meaning: the right of reputation is the right that people enjoy according to law to evaluate their objective society and exclude others' infringement. owner
It should be manifested as the right to control reputation interests and the right to maintain reputation.
According to the law, Chinese laws protect citizens' right of reputation from infringement, and no organization or individual may insult or slander them.
Others.
The specific manifestations of infringement of the right of reputation are: publicly insulting others, satirizing, mocking and sarcastic others in public, throwing dirty water at others, etc. , is an insult; Acts such as making things out of nothing, fabricating facts, and hurting others belong to slander.
6. Right portrait (page 40-42)
(1) Portrait
Meaning: It is the reappearance of human image centered on appearance.
Forms of expression: painting (selfie), sculpture, paper cutting, photography, video recording, etc.
Status: inseparable from a specific personality.
(2) Portrait right
Meaning: citizens have the right to control their portraits according to law, including the right to portrait, the right to use it and the right to get paid.
Note: Minors who use their portraits and get paid are represented or agreed by guardians.
Infringement of portrait rights includes: ① using a citizen's portrait for profit without his consent; (2) malicious destruction, defilement,
An ugly portrait of a citizen. (3) using citizen portraits for personal attacks, etc.
7. Naming rights (pages 43-44)
(1) Name
Content: including official name, former name, pen name and stage name.
Status: Name is the basic symbol of everyone's personality.
(2) Name right
Meaning: refers to the right of citizens to decide, use and change their own names according to law, and to exclude the rights infringed by others.
According to the law, citizens have the right to name, have the right to decide, use and change their names according to regulations, and no interference by others is allowed.
Corruption and forgery.
Note: The name right of minors and mental patients is exercised by guardians.
8. Privacy (pages 46-55)
(1) Privacy
Meaning: a secret that you don't want to be known and invaded; Pure personal affairs unrelated to public interests and group interests.
Contents: ① Personal information: such as home address, physical defect, marriage and love, family relationship, property status, etc. ② One
Personal affairs: such as daily life, social interaction, etc. ③ Private areas: such as houses, personal luggage and schoolbags.
The significance (necessity) of privacy protection: ① it is the need of people's independence and freedom; ② it is the need of people's own peace and security; ③.
It is the need of building a modern society that is people-oriented and advocates humanity and individuality.
(2) Right to privacy
Meaning: Citizens have the right to live a peaceful private life and keep private information confidential according to law.
Content: ① A citizen's residence belongs to his personal life, and no one may infringe or violate it without his permission.
During legal monitoring and surveillance, law enforcement officers shall not ignore legal procedures to conduct illegal searches. ② Citizens have the right to keep personal information confidential. ③ Citizens
Have the right to keep personal correspondence confidential.
Note: Parents can open the letters of children under 10.
(3) Respect and maintain privacy
Respecting privacy is the expectation of morality: ① Respecting others' privacy and establishing privacy awareness. Respect for the privacy of others needs to be strengthened.
Sense of responsibility and credibility. People should respect each other's privacy. Protecting citizens' right to privacy is a moral call.
It is helpful to establish a good social morality.
Methods to safeguard the right to privacy: ① Protect the right to privacy according to law. When the right to privacy is violated, we should bravely take legal action.
Device, take their own consultation with the infringer, request judicial protection, etc. And ask the infringer to stop the infringement and apologize; Ruoyin
This has caused great mental pain, and you have the right to ask for mental compensation. (2) to strengthen the awareness of the legal system, self-discipline according to law, and strengthen self-discipline.
I protected my consciousness and locked my privacy. For example, when you open your heart to acquaintances, you should carefully choose the object to talk to; Priority/at the top
You should master the knowledge of online safe operation. Avoid personal privacy being browsed and spread in the network; When you are in trouble,
When you are confused and upset, you should learn to communicate with trustworthy people in order to gain the understanding and consideration you need for growth.
Help!
Unit 3 Our Cultural and Economic Rights
1, education
Meaning: Education aims at promoting human development and social progress, and cultivates people by imparting knowledge and experience.
Social activities.
Function: Lay the foundation for a happy life ① Function for personal growth: On the one hand, education is the preparation for everyone's life. another
On the other hand, it stimulates people's potential and constantly improves and innovates themselves, thus opening up the road of human development and laying the foundation for the future.
Foundation. ② For a nation and a country, education will make the future.
2. Right to education
It means that citizens have the opportunity to receive national cultural education and have the right to get material help from education.
3. Compulsory education
Meaning: It is an education that all school-age children and adolescents must receive and must be guaranteed by the state.
Public welfare undertakings.
Objectives: For the future of the country and the nation, and to realize the citizens' right to education, the country is vigorously developing all levels and types.
At the same time, the school strives to popularize compulsory education.
Features: Mandatory (national compulsory force guarantees implementation and enforcement), public welfare (no tuition and fees), and unity.
Sex (unified compulsory education is implemented nationwide).
Requirements: cherish the right to education and fulfill the obligation to receive education.
4. Guarantee the right to education and consciously fulfill the obligation to receive education.
(1) Guarantee the right to education
Violation of the right to education: ① illegal occupation of educational venues; (2) lawless elements disturb the school teaching order; ③ The school is arbitrary.
Expel students ④ Parents refuse to let their children go to school or terminate their children ⑤ Illegal employment of child labor.
Ways to guarantee the right to education: non-litigation or litigation can be adopted to guarantee it.
(two) to fulfill the obligation of education.
Reason: It is not easy to popularize compulsory education in China, and it is not easy for parents to provide education for their children. We should cherish it; for your own sake
Development, for the sake of national prosperity and social progress.
Practice: First, earnestly fulfill the obligation to enter school on time; Second, earnestly fulfill the meaning of years of compulsory education.
Service, shall not drop out of school; Third, seriously abide by the law and school discipline, respect teachers, and strive to complete the required study.
The obligation of the task. Fourth, actively carry out autonomous learning, cooperative learning and inquiry learning, and pay attention to developing good study habits.
Improve learning ability; ② Diligent study, update knowledge, improve ability and learn to learn; (3) Set high aspirations and cherish them.
School learning opportunities, consciously fulfill their educational obligations, and contribute to the prosperity of the motherland.
5. Property ownership
(1) Meaning: It means that all people have the right to possess, use, benefit and dispose of their own property according to law.
(2) The ownership of legal property is protected by law.
Significance: the legal property of citizens is directly related to the food, clothing, housing and transportation of citizens themselves and their family members; Defend citizens
Safeguard the legitimate property of citizens' normal life, and ensure that they concentrate on production, work and study and actively participate.
Socialist modernization is of great significance.
Legal protection: ① China's civil law is an important weapon to protect citizens' legitimate property and ownership. ② China's
Criminal law is a sharp weapon to protect citizens' legitimate property and their ownership. (3) In short, China has designated and applied various laws,
Take various measures to effectively protect citizens' legitimate property ownership.
Safeguard one's legal property ownership according to law: When one's legal property ownership is infringed, one should seek legal sanctions in time.
Rescue, relying on the law to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests ① In case of ownership dispute, it shall be submitted to the people's court according to law.
Bring a lawsuit to confirm its ownership. In addition, when our property is illegally occupied by others and refuses to be returned, we can demand from the people.
The court filed a lawsuit and asked the court to force the illegal occupier to return the original. When our property is illegally divided and destroyed.
Or lost, it shall bring a lawsuit to the people's court and demand the infringer to compensate for the losses. (4) When our property is taken by the state administrative machine.
When the management and its staff illegally impose administrative penalties such as seizure, seizure and freezing, they may bring a lawsuit to the people's court, request cancellation of the ruling according to law, or make administrative compensation to safeguard their property ownership.
6. Right to inherit property
(1) Meaning: refers to the right of the heir to obtain the decedent's estate according to law.
According to the law, the deceased who left the property is called the decedent, and the person who inherits the deceased's estate according to law is called the heir. ancestors
Personal legal property left behind is called inheritance. As an inheritance, three conditions must be met: it must be the property left by citizens when they die;
Must be the property owned by individual citizens; Must be legal property.
The scope of inheritance right: the spouse, children, parents, brothers and sisters, rented parents and grandparents of the decedent are the legal heirs.
Have the right to inherit. The scope of inheritance is established according to blood relationship, marriage relationship and maintenance relationship.
(2) Realization methods: legal inheritance and testamentary inheritance.
Legal succession: refers to the scope and succession order of heirs directly stipulated by law, and the share of inheritance directly stipulated by law.
Inheritance mode of quota allocation principle.
Testamentary succession: refers to the way in which heirs inherit the decedent's estate according to the decedent's will. The biggest advantage is that
Is that the decedent can dispose of the property completely according to his own wishes.
Testamentary succession takes precedence over legal succession.
(3) How to maintain the right of inheritance
(1) Pay attention to friendship and give and take. In the process of inheritance, we should abandon ignoring others and take more of our own psychology.
In our inheritance, we should not only strictly abide by the law, but also vigorously inherit and carry forward the traditional Chinese virtues and practice them.
Carry out socialist morality. (3) When our property inheritance right is violated, don't submit to humiliation, we should enhance our awareness of rights protection.
Learn to rely on social forces and use legal weapons to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.
7. Right to intellectual achievements
(1) Intellectual achievements
Mainly refers to the labor achievements created by human mental labor, which are manifested as scientific and technological achievements, inventions and creations, and literature and art.
Works of art
(2) Right to intellectual achievements
Meaning: Intellectual property, also known as intellectual property, usually includes copyright, patent right and trademark right, as well as business in anti-unfair competition.
Secret, etc.
How to protect: ① The right to protect intellectual achievements depends on the public's awareness of safeguarding rights. As a citizen, when your intelligence.
When the achievements are infringed, we should use legal weapons to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests. (2) We should also actively participate in social intelligence activities.
Protect the achievements, respect the mental work of others, and don't do anything that infringes on the intellectual achievements of others.
8. Consumer rights and interests
(1) Consumption and consumers:
Our life is inseparable from consumption, including both material consumption and consumption to meet the needs of spiritual civilization.
When we buy goods or enjoy services, we become consumers.
Relationship between operators and consumers: In the relationship between operators and consumers, operators are in a favorable position. in modern times
In society, the scale of commodity production is expanding, and the types of colors and patterns are becoming more and more complicated, which makes it difficult for consumers to understand intuitively.
The performance and quality of goods, thus in a passive position in the purchase, compared with organized and powerful operators,
Consumers are often isolated and prone to the phenomenon of "shopkeepers bullying customers", which puts consumers at a disadvantage.
(2) We enjoy the rights of God.
The rights enjoyed by consumers: the right to safety, the right to know, the right to choose independently, the right to fair trade, the right to claim compensation according to law, the right to association,
Nine rights: the right to education, the right to personal dignity and national customs, the right to be respected and the right to supervise.
Obligations fulfilled by consumers: maintaining market order; Shopping attitude should be modest and polite; Choose goods realistically.
Now consider it in order not to delay other customers' shopping; Thank the sales staff for their service; Maintain the legitimacy of producers and operators.
Interests. Be a cultured, orderly and moral "God".
The significance of protecting consumers' rights and interests: consumers play the role of final purchase and consumption in the whole social production process.
Protecting consumers' rights and interests is conducive to promoting the development of production, ensuring the smooth progress of social reproduction and maintaining the normal society.
Order, let people live a better life.
(3) Safeguarding the rights and interests of consumers
A refines a pair of "eyes"
Reason: In modern society, there are many factors that affect people's consumption behavior, which requires us to have a pair of "eyes".
That is to enhance their judgment and choice ability.
Practice: actively study and master the knowledge about consumption and the knowledge about the protection of consumers' rights and interests.
B. Ways to safeguard rights and interests
We have a good sense of rights and self-protection. Make full use of your own consumer knowledge and legal knowledge,
Maintain due vigilance and try not to give many operators an opportunity.
(2) After the infringement occurs, use legal weapons to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests: negotiate with the operator to solve it; Request consumer association
Mediation; Complain to the relevant administrative department; According to the arbitration agreement reached with the operator, submit it to an arbitration institution for arbitration; Xiangrenfa
Court proceedings.
Unit 4 We advocate fairness and justice
1. What is fairness?
Fairness comes from comparison Generally speaking, fairness in people's minds means that things should be handled reasonably.
Be rational, don't be partial, don't be partial to someone, that is, everyone who participates in social cooperation bears his share of responsibility and gains.
The benefits he deserves. Fairness embodies people's pursuit of freedom, respect for rights and affirmation of their own strength. At different times
Generations, different societies and different individuals have different understandings of fairness.
2, social stability and development need fairness:
(1) If people are treated unfairly in social cooperation and communication, they will feel wronged, angry and even report.
Repeated behavior makes the relationship between people worse, and cooperation is unsustainable; Will have an adverse impact on economic development, and even
It brings a series of social problems and affects the long-term stability of society. (2) With fairness, it is possible for us to succeed through honest labor.
Only by getting what you deserve and meeting your reasonable expectations can you fully mobilize your enthusiasm. In this way, the whole society can only
Everyone can perform their duties, do their best, get their place, and promote the sustainable development of society.
3. How to recognize and deal with unfairness?
(1) Rationally face the unfairness in social life. Fairness is always restricted by certain social conditions, and any society
There will be some unfair phenomena. Fairness is always relative, and no matter how hard we try, it is impossible to achieve absolute fairness.
Nevertheless, we still need to make unremitting efforts to create a fairer society.
(2) Practice: ① Strengthen the awareness of rights, be good at finding solutions and seek help through legal means.
Solving problems is to seek the greatest fairness. We should learn to adjust our way of thinking and reflect on ourselves rationally.
Values, objectively look at the "unfair" phenomenon in life. (3) Advocating fairness, upholding justice and undermining fairness.
Fight and lend a helping hand to the victims.
4. Consciously establish a sense of fair cooperation.
(1) Good cooperation is based on fairness. In this kind of cooperation, people's enthusiasm and creativity are different.
To give full play to it, personal interests get due protection; At the same time, it also avoids unnecessary internal friction and promotes social efficiency and
Harmonious operation. (2) In order to cooperate better, we need to undertake what we should do, and we must never just enjoy the benefits without paying.
Come out, or it's unfair to others. Establishing a sense of fairness will help us integrate into society smoothly and make contributions to society.
4. Standards and requirements of justice
In the social process, all acts that promote the progress and development of human society and safeguard public interests and the legitimate interests of others,
Just behavior; Any behavior that hinders the progress and development of human society and harms the interests of the public and others.
This is an unjust act. Justice requires us to respect the basic rights of others, especially the right to life, and treat others fairly.
Others and yourself.
5. Consciously uphold justice
Reasons: ① Justice ensures the safety of people's lives and property, enables people to survive and develop, and promotes social progress.
(2) A just system gives people fair support and guarantee, which is supported by a fair system that obtains justice. There is no judicial system.
Degree, there is no real fairness. (3) Justice can avoid serious social differentiation through the regulation of the system, and make our society healthy,
Keep developing. Justice makes the relationship between people closer and more harmonious.
Practice: (1) Abide by social rules and procedures. We should establish and consciously abide by various social systems and rules from an early age.
Rong's consciousness, form a good habit of consciously observing various social systems and rules, and safeguard justice with practical actions. (2) do
A man with a sense of justice. Why do you want to be a person with a sense of justice? A person with a sense of justice will appreciate just behavior.
Respect, full of yearning and pursuit of justice, will be willing to put the respect for justice into action. In the face of injustice,
Will lead to anxiety, dissatisfaction, anger, and even take action to safeguard justice. B Only more and more people have a sense of justice,
Our society will be more stable and harmonious. C has a sense of justice and integrity, which is a good character that a person should have.
(2) How to be a person with a sense of justice: (1) If injustice happens to him, he can take the right way.
Type, stand up and type; B If you see injustice happening to others, you can be brave and give it to the victims in time.
Give solidarity and assistance. We are minors. We should not only be brave, but also have skills. We should try not to.
Defend justice on the premise of hurting yourself. D In short, being a person with a sense of justice requires us not only to distinguish what is just behavior,
What is unjust behavior? It is more important to understand, sublimate moral realm, practice and safeguard justice.