As we all know, the modern telephone was invented by Bell. In fact, the telephone was invented by Edison. But Berby Edison filed a patent application two hours in advance. So I got the patent right first. But the telephone can send and receive clearly. Thanks to Edison's repeated experiments, he broke through the traditional pattern and made a toner transmitter, which improved the sensitivity, volume and receiving distance of the telephone in one fell swoop. Otherwise, we will always say hello when we call now! Hey! I can't hear you. I can't hear you clearly.
electric gramophone
/kloc-one night in February, 877, the staff of Mengluoyuan Laboratory trembled slightly, not because of the cold, but because they heard the recording for the first time in human history: "Ma Xuan has a little sheep, and its fur is as white as snow. Wherever Ma Xuan goes, the lamb is always by her side ... this great invention. The French government also awarded Sir Edison the title! Later, Edison improved the phonograph several times until the drum type was changed to the bakelite turntable type, which was not a matter of one or two years, but after decades of continuous improvement! duplicator
At first, Edison invented paraffin paper, which was only widely used as packaging material for food and candy. Later, he tried to carve the outline of the words on wax paper to form a wax lettering paper tray, put white paper under the paper tray, and then rolled it off the wax lettering paper with an ink roller. A wonderful thing happened, and clear handwriting appeared on the white paper. Later, after many improvement experiments, Edison began to mass-produce the copier he invented at 1876, and all of a sudden, institutions, schools, institutions and organizations adopted this template mimeograph. Because Edison's copier is very popular all over the world, Edison deeply realized that he should invent things that people generally and deeply need. Thomas Alva Edison, a great inventor from 1847 to 193 1 was born in Milan, Ohio. He only received three months of formal education, and his teacher thought he was a mentally retarded student! Edison invented his first invention-electronic voting recorder when he was only 23 years old. There is no market for this kind of instrument. Edison devoted himself to inventing what he thought was easy to enter the market. Shortly after the invention of the tape recorder, Edison invented an improved automatic recorder for stock quotes, which earned 40,000 dollars, which was a huge income at that time. Edison went on to make a series of other inventions and soon gained fame and fortune. Perhaps his most creative invention is the phonograph, and he applied for a patent at 1877. But more importantly to the world, he invented the practical incandescent light bulb in 1879. Edison was not the first person to invent the electric light device. As early as a few years ago, Paris used solitary lights to illuminate the streets. However, Edison's light bulb, together with the transmission device he invented, enabled ordinary families to use electricity for lighting. 1882, his company began to produce household electricity in new york, and since then, household electricity has spread all over the world. Edison established the first transmission company to transmit electricity to private homes, which laid the foundation for the development of a huge industry. Today, after all, it's not just electric lights that use this power supply, but a whole series of household appliances from TV sets to washing machines. Because the electricity in the transmission network established by Edison is easy to use, it greatly promotes the application of electricity in industry. Edison made great contributions to the development of movies, cameras and projectors. He made important improvements to the telephone (his carbon microphone greatly improved the audibility), telegraph and typewriter. His other inventions include the phonograph, mimeograph and storage battery. Edison got more than 1000 single invention patents, which is really an incredible number. One of the reasons why Edison's work efficiency is so amazing is that early in his career, he set up a research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, and hired a group of talented assistants to help him with his work. Since then, many industrial companies have established large-scale research laboratories, the prototype of which is Edison's laboratory. Edison's modern and well-equipped research laboratory, where many people work together as a whole, is one of his most important inventions, although he will certainly not get a patent for this invention. Edison was not only an inventor, but also engaged in manufacturing, and established several companies, the most important of which later became General Electric Company. Although Edison did not have the temperament of a pure theoretical scientist, he made an important scientific discovery. In 1882, he found that in a state close to vacuum, current can pass between wires that are not in contact with each other. This phenomenon is called Edison effect, which not only has great theoretical significance, but also has important practical application, and finally leads to the establishment of vacuum tube and electronic industry. Edison suffered from severe deafness for most of his life, but his efforts and perseverance completely made up for this defect. Edison was married twice (his first wife died when she was young), and both wives gave him three children. He died in Orange, New Jersey in 193 1.
Electric chair
One of the controversial death penalty tools, the electric chair, was actually produced in the infighting between two rival companies. The two companies compete fiercely for the interests of two different kinds of electricity (alternating current and direct current). 1882, the earliest generator system was built in new york, USA. Eight years later, the first electric chair was executed in Auburn prison. In the electric light company of Thomas Edison, the inventor of the phonograph, the first generator began to operate in 1882. George Westinghouse, the engineer who invented the train air brake and railway signal system, bought some patents related to electricity, and nikola tesla, a scientist, set up a power company at 1886, and began to compete with Edison for the electricity market. Shopping mall failure Edison countered the conflict between the two companies with public opinion, starting with technical design. Thomas Edison produced and sent out direct current, and the alternating current invented by nikola tesla is considered to be more competitive and profitable than direct current because it is suitable for long-distance transmission. Edison lost market share bit by bit, and many technicians and salesmen left him and joined Westinghouse. Edison, who was pestered by the company's shareholders, decided to fight back and launch a public opinion offensive to make alternating current extremely dangerous and try to discredit it. He and his supporters believe that if AC is associated with death in the public mind, then DC will win in the home market. Death "performance" inspires electrocution. Edison found a best companion-harold brown. They traveled all over the country. In front of nobles, journalists, businessmen, etc. Dogs, cats, monkeys and even horses were electrocuted. In order to prove that Edison's direct current is the best choice for family and industrial use in the future, he also proved by experiments that animals that have been electrocuted by 1000 volts direct current are still alive, but they will be electrocuted by 350 volts alternating current. After the performance, harold brown also held a national press conference in Colombia. He not only invited all journalists in the country, but also invited many professional electricians. In front of the audience, he electrocuted a heavy horse, once again proving the danger of alternating current. Then, he solemnly announced: "alternating current is only applicable to the execution of dogs or animals in slaughterhouses that are about to be brought to the market." Then he added jokingly, "And the execution of the death penalty." Previously, the main way to execute the death penalty in the United States was hanging. By the late19th century, Americans began to think that hanging was too cruel. The new York state legislature began to set up a Committee to study a more humane way of execution than hanging. Harold brown's "performance" and jokes just gave the Committee the inspiration for innovation, and the idea of using electricity as the implementation method came into being. Connecting alternating current with "death" In order to destroy his opponent in commercial competition, Edison took drastic measures to meet the needs of the Committee, and imported six orangutans from Thailand for electrocution experiments, which proved that electrocution was fast and painless, provided that Westinghouse's alternating current was used. After repeated experiments, legislators and doctors agree that electrocution will lead to cardiac arrest and respiratory paralysis, leading to rapid death. After careful consideration, the Supreme Court of the United States held that this new execution method did not violate the principle of prohibiting "cruel and inhuman punishment" in the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. New york1June 4th, 888 confirmed the legality of electrocution. The research on how to implement electrocution was carried out in Edison's laboratory, and harold brown was also absorbed into the state forensic institution to solve the technical details, and the first electric chair was designed and manufactured. A newspaper declared: "Alternating current will undoubtedly make this executioner lose his job in New York State." The prison administration signed a decree allowing harold brown to put his electric chair in Auburn State Prison. In order to associate nikola tesla's name with the electric chair, Brown tried to buy three powerful generators from nikola tesla. Of course, this was rejected. So Edison once again manipulated behind the scenes and asked Thompson Electric Company to buy three engines through a second-hand electrical appliance dealer in Boston. Harold brown and Thomas Edison thought that they finally got what they wanted, because nikola tesla's alternating current would soon be regarded as "execution current" and "death current". Next, they just need to wait for the first "lucky enough" prisoner to sit in the electric chair and watch the wonderful and "civilized" electrocution performance. 1On August 6th, 990, William Kemler, the butcher who killed his girlfriend with an axe, walked into the execution room of Auburn Prison. He said to the warden, "Don't worry, do it well!" A few minutes later, he also asked to tighten the electric disc in the helmet. Before the execution, curious people spent 20 minutes observing the execution device. This is a big, simple and heavy wooden chair. Behind the chair is a control panel with three joysticks. Two four-meter-long thick wires are drawn from the control panel and connected to the wet plate. The prisoner is fixed on the chair by a simple device, wearing a helmet shaped like a washbasin on his head. The long and flat grounding electrode is placed on the prisoner's back, and his chest is surrounded by a belt. After the last inspection, the prisoner was electrified for the first time with a voltage of 300 volts, 17 seconds. Kemler trembled violently, and the chair began to shake violently, almost falling to the ground. Officials immediately decided that chairs must be fixed on the ground in the future. Kemler is still alive, so he switched on the second current. The prisoner's body turned red, his muscles began to burn and the power supply was cut off again. The prisoner seems to be alive. So people connected to the power supply again. At this time, a blue flame broke out on the prisoner's back and he finally died. In the autopsy, people found that his brain was like a "burnt fruit cake", the blood clot in his head formed black charcoal, and the whole back was burnt into charcoal. Since then, the electric chair has been called "lightning", "barbecue" and "old Mars" by prisoners. The unsuccessful execution of Kemler embarrassed the Institute of Forensic Medicine and state legislators, but two official doctors declared that the prisoner had not suffered. They believe that after the first electric shock, the prisoner lost consciousness, and even if his heart continued to beat, he could not feel other electric shocks. However, this assertion was overturned by the later failed implementation. Something happened in Louisiana when 1946 executed 17-year-old black criminal Willie Francis Witnesses said that the executioner turned on the power switch, and the prisoner's lips became bigger and his body tightened and protruded forward. But at this time, the criminal was not dead, and the executioner shouted in fear. He asked the operator next door to increase the current, but he was told that the current had reached the maximum. At this moment, the victim in the electric chair suddenly shouted, "Turn off the power, I can't breathe!" " "Panicked guards terminated the death penalty. The black criminal described his feeling of being executed by the electric chair: "I felt a terrible fever in my head and left leg." I jumped on my belt, and blue, rose and green water flowed around in front of my eyes. "Later, his lawyer argued to the US Supreme Court that although Francis was not dead, he had been executed. The Supreme Court rejected his appeal and Francis was executed the following year. Because the execution of prisoners with electric chairs often leaves charred bodies and a stench, it is easy to make the person in charge uneasy. Later, the United States gradually replaced the electric chair with gas chambers and poisonous needle injections. Edison finally got into trouble in a short time after continuing to insist on not using communication technology. In the end, Morgan turned Edison into General Electric. Edison himself invested all his property in a magnetized iron ore, which soon closed down.