A, bacterial inoculants
Lactic acid bacteria play an important role in the fermentation of silage. The main strains are spherical lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus soccer. Lactic acid bacteria such as lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus casei and lactobacillus brevis, such as vitality 99 starter. At present, in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Britain and other developed countries, in order to make different crops (including crops that are difficult to silage) get high-quality silage, various bacterial preparations are widely studied and used. Bacterial inoculants are the most commonly used silage additives in the United States. About half of silage prepared by British cereal crops uses bacterial inoculants, and good results have been achieved.
In China, the inoculants on the market are mostly homogeneous fermented lactic acid bacteria. If the dry matter in silage raw material is more than: 25%, adding enough lactic acid bacteria (per gram of raw material 1 10,000 lactic acid bacteria) can quickly produce a large amount of lactic acid, which can reduce the PH value, thus effectively inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and ensuring the safety and quality of silage. Silage with bacterial inoculants can produce more lactic acid, but the final product of fermentation contains less acetic acid and ethanol, so the loss of dry matter can be reduced by 3%. In order to inoculate bacteria evenly in silage, inoculants should be used in liquid form. Generally, it is revived first, suspended with water to make bacterial liquid, and then sprinkled in silage during filling. The raw materials are sprinkled every 30 cm and can be used after being stored for about 20 days.
The method of spawn revival and spawn liquid preparation is as follows: first, dissolve live spawn (such as a package of 125g vitality 99 starter) in 1000ml water, and preferably add 10g white sugar into the water in advance. Then at room temperature, let the bacterial liquid stand for about 1-2 hours to revive the bacterial liquid. The revived microbial inoculum must be used up on the same day and cannot be used overnight. A certain amount of salt is also needed to prepare the bacterial liquid. For example, the above 1000 ml bacterial solution is mixed with 4000 ml salt solution with the concentration of 1% to prepare the final bacterial solution (of course, it is not necessarily 4000 ml water, depending on the water content of silage, slightly less diluted water can be used for silage with excessive water content).
The main factors affecting the use effect of microbial agents are as follows:
(1) Raw material type: Gramineae forage is better than leguminous forage, and the effect of difficult silage crops is better than that of easy silage crops. Bacterial inoculants have the best effect in alfalfa and forage silage, but the effect in silage corn is limited. Studies show that bacterial inoculants should not be used for silage corn.
⑵ Sugar content in raw materials: Under the action of bacterial inoculants, the quantity and intensity of lactic acid production first depends on the sugar content in raw materials. Usually, bacterial inoculants should not be added to raw materials that have just been cut and contain almost no dry matter and sugar. For example, the newly mowed forage grass with dry matter less than 20% and sugar less than 3% may undergo secondary butyric acid fermentation after silage 100 days, which leads to the increase of PH value and ammonia nitrogen and the failure of silage. When necessary, amylase, cellulase and other enzymes can be added to low-sugar silage to degrade more sugar. In China, if sugar is added, the amount of glucose and sucrose is about 1%-2%, and the amount of waste molasses is mostly 4-5%. Crushed corn flour, sorghum, barley, etc. You can also add. Silage with water content of 80% can be added with more than 10%. Of course, if you add more, you may lose more dry matter in silage, but the effect is good. Starch granules such as 5% corn flour can be added, and the water content is about 70%.
⑶ Dosage and types of bacteria: Different kinds of bacteria have different functions and biological activities. Strictly speaking, each silage crop should have its own special inoculant. There is a bacterial inoculant in Hungary, which contains three strains with different characteristics and complementary functions, as well as substances that promote cell activation and trace elements that promote cell vitality. In terms of dosage, one ton of fresh silage should provide at least 654.38+000 billion live bacteria (at least 1 g material).
⑷ Balance of raw materials: The effect of the preparation also depends on the chopping degree, compaction degree, filling speed and sealing performance of silage. Even lactic acid additives may not make up for the losses caused by violating the technical specifications of silage.
Second, enzyme preparation
The added enzyme preparation mainly refers to cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase, pectinase and other cell wall degrading enzymes. The purpose of adding enzyme is to reduce the fiber content in silage, which is beneficial for ruminants to feed mature feed. In addition, enzymes can degrade more sugar for lactic acid bacteria fermentation. Enzymes contribute to the degradation of acidic and neutral washing fibers, thus improving lactic acid fermentation, dry matter recovery rate, storage period and livestock production performance.
According to the experiment, adding 0.25% Aspergillus Niger enzyme to alfalfa and red clover, compared with the control group, cellulose decreased by about 65438 02%, hemicellulose decreased by about 30%, pectin decreased by about 33%, and the sugar content of silage was 0.5%. If the dosage of enzyme preparation is increased to 0.5%, the sugar content of silage can reach 2.48% and the crude protein can be increased by 28%. When silaging leguminous forage with low sugar content, enzyme preparations such as amylase or cellulase can be added to hydrolyze some polysaccharides in silage and convert them into monosaccharides, thus ensuring sufficient lactic acid production and obtaining good quality silage.
Third, non-protein nitrogen NPN
Ammonia and urea are the most widely used nutritional additives in silage, which are used to improve the quality of corn, sorghum and other grain silage, so as to increase the crude protein content of silage and reduce the growth of aerobic microorganisms.
Protein content of some silage materials is not high. For example, silage corn has only 4.5% digestible protein, while the digestible protein content in cattle diet is 12.5- 15%. For example, adding 5 kg urea per ton to silage can make ammonia nutrition reach 20%, which can meet the growth and development needs of cattle. If 0.3-0.5% mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate is added, the digestible protein can be increased by 8- 1 1g per kilogram of silage, and 25% ammonia water 12kg is used per ton of corn silage (diluted twice before use), which is equivalent to supplementing 2.5-3% digestible protein in dairy cow feed.
If urea acetate, urea nitrate, hydrazine hydrochloride, hydrazine formate and ammonium chloride are added to silage, it can not only increase ammonia nutrition, but also prevent diseases. For example, adding 0.5-0.6% ammonium chloride to corn, beet and various forage silage can play this dual role.
In addition, inorganic salts such as sulfur, phosphorus and calcium are also used in silage. Adding 0.2-0.3% sodium sulfate to corn silage can increase the content of sulfur-containing amino acids in feed by 2 times because of its sulfur content. If 5g phosphoric acid and 10- 15g bone meal are added to each kilogram of silage, the calcium and phosphorus requirements of livestock growth and development can be well met.
Fourth, anti-corrosion additives.
This additive has many functions, such as antisepsis and bacteriostasis, improving feed flavor, improving feed nutritional value and reducing harmful microbial activity.
1, dilute sulfuric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid
In order to quickly kill the mixed bacteria in silage, reduce the PH value, make silage soft and easy for livestock to digest and absorb, dilute sulfuric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid can be added to silage, and 1 part sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid and 5 parts water can be added to become dilute acid (note: when diluting, slowly pour the acid into water, and stir it from time to time, and never pour water into the acid to avoid danger). Adding 5-7kg dilute acid to100kg silage will make the silage sink quickly, make it easy to compact, increase the storage capacity, and make the silage crops stop breathing quickly (biological oxidation), thus improving the success rate.
2. formic acid and acetic acid
Formic acid (formic acid), acetic acid (acetic acid) or propionic acid are commonly used abroad. For example, adding additives such as formic acid to prepare high protein silage can minimize protein loss. Silage made of formic acid is bright green and fragrant. The protein loss is only 2-3% of that of ordinary silage, and the loss of carotene is also very small. Leguminosae and Gramineae grasses were mixed with 80% formic acid, 1 1% propionic acid and 9% acetic acid, and the effect was good. When alfalfa and other leguminous grasses are mowed before flowering, 2.8-3.5 kilograms of formic acid with a concentration of 85-90% can be added per ton to make high-protein silage. This additive has been widely used in the United States, Britain, France and Norway. Acetic acid is used in the same way as formic acid. Adding 0.5% mixture of formic acid and propionic acid (formic acid: acetic acid = 30: 70) to silage can significantly improve the nutritional value, preserve 65-98% of sugar in silage, reduce protein decomposition by more than half, reduce dry matter loss by more than half, and keep the acidity within the normal range (pH 3.4-4.4).
3. Formaldehyde
In the United States, the amount of formaldehyde added to each ton of silage is 3.6 kg of formaldehyde with 85% concentration. Generally, 37-40% formaldehyde solution is used in China, and the dosage is 1.5-3% of the weight of silage. In Britain and other places, 2.8 kg of 95% formaldehyde is added to each ton of ryegrass. The use of formaldehyde can effectively inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria, prevent corruption, prevent protein in feed from being decomposed by bacteria, and preserve the nutrition of feed. In the United States, Britain, Sweden and other countries, formaldehyde and formic acid are also mixed for silage. The method is that it is very effective for young leaves to mix formaldehyde and formic acid equivalent to silage 1.5% and 1.5-2%.
Another function of treating silage with formaldehyde is that many cells in rumen of ruminants can directly decompose protein into ammonia and be consumed. Formaldehyde can combine with protein in feed to form insoluble complex, which prevents rumen microorganisms from decomposing protein. When these compounds descend to abomasum and small intestine, they are utilized by digestive enzymes of protein, thus increasing the absorption and utilization rate of protein by domestic animals.
4. Benzoic acid and its sodium salt
Benzoic acid and its sodium salt also have good bacteriostatic effect on mold in acidic feed, and the dosage is not more than 0. 1%. In the United States, Britain and other places, calcium formate and sodium sulfite are also used in silage, and other mildewproof and bacteriostatic agents, such as sorbic acid and its potassium salt, can also be selected as appropriate, but the price is higher.
When using mildew inhibitor, it should be sprayed evenly on the chopped silage raw materials as far as possible, compacted in layers and sealed for storage. Yichun High-tech Patent Product Development Center has the right to edit this article. If anyone reprints it, please let us know.