Key points summary of Pharmacy Professional Knowledge 1
In 2015, "Pharmaceutical Professional Knowledge 1" for practicing pharmacists was changed from the original two small subjects of pharmacology and drug analysis to pharmaceutics and medicinal chemistry. Mainly, a small part involves multi-disciplinary comprehensive knowledge of pharmacology and drug analysis. Many students feel confused about this and don't know how to study.
The key contents of this course will now be summarized in stages, and we hope that everyone will have good summaries and learning methods to share.
Chapter 1 Drugs and Pharmacy Professional Knowledge
1. Drugs and Drug Naming
(1) Source and Classification of Drugs
Drug It mainly includes chemically synthesized drugs, drugs derived from natural products and biotechnology drugs.
(2) Structure and naming of drugs
The name of a drug includes its generic name, chemical name and trade name. The generic name is also called the International Nonproprietary Name (INN).
2. Pharmaceutical dosage forms and preparations
(1) Pharmaceutical dosage forms and excipients
1. The concepts of preparations and dosage forms
Dosage forms: Different dosage forms prepared for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of diseases are called pharmaceutical dosage forms, or dosage forms for short, such as tablets, capsules, injections, etc.
Preparations: The raw materials are made into specific varieties with certain specifications and certain quality standards according to a certain dosage form, referred to as preparations. Preparation name = generic name of the drug + dosage form name, such as vitamin C tablets, amoxicillin capsules, cod liver oil capsules, etc.
2. Classification of dosage forms
Classification methods
Specific dosage forms
Morphology
Liquid dosage forms, gases Dosage forms, solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms
Routes of administration
1. Gastrointestinal administration dosage forms: powders, tablets, granules, capsules, solutions, emulsions, suspension. 2. Parenteral dosage forms: injection, skin, oral cavity, nasal cavity, lungs, eyes, rectum, vagina and urethra.
Dispersion system
True solution, emulsion, suspension, gas dispersion, solid dispersion, microparticles
Preparation method
Not commonly used , such as leaching, sterile
Action time
Immediate release, ordinary and sustained-controlled release
3. Medicinal excipients
Medicinal use The functions of excipients: shaping, smoothing the preparation process, improving drug stability, improving drug efficacy, reducing drug side effects, regulating drug effects, and increasing patient compliance.
Classification of pharmaceutical excipients
Classification method
Specific excipients
Source
Natural substances, semi-synthetic Substances and fully synthetic substances
Applications
More than 60 types, such as solvents, cosolvents, disintegrants, lubricants, etc.
Routes of administration
p>For oral administration, injection, mucosal administration, transdermal or topical administration, nasal or oral inhalation administration and ocular administration, etc.
(2) Drug stability and drug validity period
1. Stability changes of pharmaceutical preparations
Stability changes
Specific changes
Chemistry
< p>Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, photolysis, isomerization, polymerization, decarboxylationPhysics
Particle agglomeration, crystal growth, stratification and rupture of emulsions, colloidal preparations Aging, changes in tablet disintegration and dissolution rate
Biology
Enzymatic decomposition and deterioration of drugs
2. Factors affecting the stability of pharmaceutical preparations< /p>
Influencing factors
Detailed content
Prescription factors
pH, generalized acid-base catalysis, solvent, ionic strength, surfactant, matrix or excipients
External factors
Temperature, light, air (oxygen), metal ions, humidity and moisture, packaging materials
3. Stability of pharmaceutical preparations Chemical methods: control temperature, adjust pH, change solvents, control water and humidity, shade, expel oxygen, add antioxidants or metal ion complexing agents, improve dosage forms or production processes, prepare stable derivatives, add desiccants and improve Package.
4. Drug validity period: For drug degradation, the time required for 10% degradation is commonly known as one-tenth of the life span, recorded as t0.9.
(3) Compatibility changes and interactions of pharmaceutical preparations
1. Types of compatibility changes
Compatibility changes
Specific change methods< /p>
Physical
Changes in solubility; hygroscopicity, deliquescence, liquefaction and agglomeration; changes in particle size or dispersion state
Chemistry
turbidity or Precipitation; discoloration; gas production; explosion; production of toxic substances; decomposition and destruction, decreased efficacy
Pharmacology
Synergy; antagonism; increased toxic and side effects
2 , Compatibility changes of injections
The main reasons for changes in the compatibility of injections: changes in solvent composition, changes in pH value, buffers, ion effects, direct reactions, salting out effects, mixing amounts, mixing sequence, reaction time , effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide, light sensitivity, purity of ingredients.
(4) Packaging and storage of drugs
Classification of drug packaging
Classification methods
Specific packaging forms
< p>UsageThree categories I, II and III
Shape
Container, sheet, bag, plug, lid
Materials
Metal, glass, plastic, rubber and combinations of the above ingredients
3. Pharmacy expertise
1. Medicinal chemistry expertise: mainly research chemical drugs Chemical structural characteristics, related physical and chemical properties, stability conditions, biological effects, toxic and side effects after the drug enters the body, and biotransformation of the drug into the body and other chemical-biological contents.
2. Pharmacy professional knowledge: mainly studies five aspects including basic theory, prescription design, preparation technology, quality control and rational application.
3. Pharmacology expertise: Mainly studies the effects, mechanisms of action and dynamic changes of drugs in the body.
4. Professional knowledge of pharmaceutical analysis: Mainly researching the structure confirmation, quality research and stability evaluation of chemical drugs, research on quality control methods and standard formulation of drugs, research on detection methods and concentration monitoring of drugs in vivo and Data evaluation.