Chapter I Information and Information Resources
1. Definition of information resources: Information resources refer to the collection of various information activity elements (information technology, equipment, facilities, information producers, etc.). ) accumulated in the information activities of human society with information as the core.
2. Information resources, material resources and energy resources have become the three pillars of modern social and economic development.
3. Calculation methods of information resources: First, from the perspective of information industry. The second is to measure the degree of social and economic informatization from the perspective of social information and information ability (informatization index method).
4. Informatization index includes a set of index system, which consists of four main factors: information quantity (Q), information equipment rate (E), communication subject level (P) and information coefficient (U), and is specifically decomposed into 1 1 small variables.
Q: Q 1 per capita annual use of the letter function Q2/per capita annual telephone number Q3/per 100 people daily newspaper publications Q40,000 people book sales Q5/square kilometer population density
E: e 1 number of telephones per 100 people E2 number of televisions per 100 people E3 number of computers per 10,000 people.
P: P 1 tertiary industry population percentage P2 number of students per 100 people.
U: the proportion of miscellaneous expenses in personal consumption (except food, clothing, housing and transportation)
5. Information resources management can be divided into four aspects: (1) recorded information resources (2) physical information resources (3) intellectual information resources (4) zero-order information resources.
6. General characteristics of information resources as economic resources: (1) human demand as a factor of production (2) scarcity (3) selectivity of use direction.
Particularity includes: (1) * * enjoyment (2) timeliness (3) inseparability of production and use (4) non-identity (5) controllability.
7. Functions of information resources: (1) Economic function (2) Management and coordination function (3) Selection and decision-making function (4) Research and development function.
8. Problems that should be paid attention to in accelerating the development and utilization of information resources: (1) Pay attention to the renewal of ideas; (2) Pay attention to the scale of development and comprehensive utilization of information resources; (3) Pay attention to strengthening the management of development and utilization of information resources.
Chapter II Contents of Information Resource Management
1. Information resource management, referred to as IRM for short, refers to the activities that managers use modern management means and methods to study the laws of information resource utilization in economic activities and other activities, and organize, plan, coordinate, allocate and control information resources according to these laws.
2. Information resource management has three typical stages: traditional management stage, information (technology) management stage and information resource management stage.
3. The introduction of economic means is mainly based on the following reasons: ① the budget of information activities and information management is limited, and it is necessary to allocate various expenses reasonably; (2) Various technical facilities used in information systems are becoming more and more expensive, and the consumption of information services is increasing, so a careful cost-benefit analysis is needed; (3) The paid components in information and information services are increasing day by day, which requires the research and management of information and information activities by economic means.
4. Information resource management sub-goal: (1) Information resource development sub-goal, (2) Information resource utilization sub-goal and (3) Information resource management mechanism sub-goal.
5. Task of information resource management: (1) Formulate the development strategy, planning, principles and policies of information resources, so that the development activities of information resources can be carried out in an orderly manner under the unified guidance and management of the state, and the development results of information resources can not only achieve low cost and low price, but also achieve three "closeness" (that is, closeness to reality, closeness to demand and closeness to users). To meet the overall needs of national economic and social development (2) to formulate laws, regulations and rules for information resource management, and to establish a supervision and guarantee system for information resource management, so that information resource management can truly be based on laws and rules, and the developed information resources can be fully, timely and effectively utilized (3) to comprehensively use economic, legal and necessary administrative means to coordinate the relationship between departments, regions and enterprises. Clarify the boundaries of capital, rights and interests of information resources development and utilization institutions at all levels, so that information resources development and utilization institutions can enjoy resources to the maximum extent on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. (4) Strengthen the construction of national information infrastructure and information resource management network, so that the development and utilization of information resources can be based on a higher starting point and a good social foundation.
6. Significance of information resource management: (1) Information resource management has opened up a new world of management. (2) Strengthening the management of information resources is a necessary condition for rational development and effective utilization of information resources. (3) Strengthening the management of information resources is conducive to safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of information resources development and utilization institutions.
The effect of information resource management can be divided into macro effect, meso effect and micro effect.
Macro-management: a kind of strategic management, which is generally implemented by the national information resources management department by using economic, legal and necessary administrative means. Mainly through the relevant national policies, regulations and management regulations, the development and utilization of information resources are organized and coordinated at the macro level, so that information resources can be developed and utilized most reasonably and effectively according to the national macro-control objectives without affecting the national information sovereignty and information security.
Meso-management: Generally speaking, the information resources management departments in various regions and industries organize and coordinate the information resources development and utilization activities in their own regions and industries and their exchange relations with other regions and industries by formulating regional or industrial policies and regulations, so that the information resources development and utilization activities in their own regions and industries do not conflict with the macro-level information resources management activities as a whole, but can better conform to the information resources development and utilization activities in their own regions and industries. micromanagement
Micro-management: it is the most basic information resource management, which is generally implemented by grass-roots organizations such as government departments at all levels, information institutions and enterprises. Its main task is to clearly understand the real needs of all kinds of personnel at all levels in the organization for information resources, and reasonably organize and coordinate the development and utilization of information resources.
The means of information resource management mainly include technical means, economic means, legal means and administrative means.
Technical means: refers to the modern information system and information network based on computer and communication technology and the corresponding information processing methods, which are the main means and contents of information resource management.
Economic means: refers to the use of various economic levers to induce information resources development and utilization institutions to care about their own activities from the perspective of economic interests. It is a means of indirectly organizing and coordinating the development and utilization of information resources.
Legal means: refers to various relevant legal norms used to coordinate the development and utilization of information resources.
Administrative means: refers to the direct control and management of information resources and related activities in the form of orders and instructions by virtue of the authority of state power.
Chapter III Optimal Allocation of Information Resources
Optimal allocation of resources: modern technology minimizes macroeconomic waste and maximizes social welfare.
The organic combination of achievements and various input factors.
Pareto optimality: the most effective allocation of resources. Whether the allocation of resources is Pareto optimal depends on economics.
The upper part is the Pareto marginal condition: (1) the distribution of products among consumers is optimal; (2) the input of production factors in different product departments is optimal; (3) the output combination is optimal.
Gini coefficient: the shadow area surrounded by the absolute equality line and the actual Lorenz curve, and the sum of the absolute equality lines.
Absolute inequality The ratio of the OEF area of a straight line to a triangle. Less than 0.2 means high average income; 0.2 ~ 0.3 means average; 0.3 ~ 0.4 is reasonable; 0.4 ~ 0.5 indicates a large income gap; More than 0.6 indicates a large income gap.
The horizontal allocation of information resources includes regional allocation and line (industry) allocation; The vertical configuration of information resources refers to unique symbols.
Only investment projects that increase the value of resources can attract the inflow of resources.
5. The allocation mechanism should mainly include three parts: (1) market allocation mechanism, that is, the market automatically organizes the production and consumption of information through price leverage; (2) government distribution mechanism, that is, the government uses policies and laws to regulate information output through direct investment and financial subsidies; (3) Property rights allocation mechanism, that is, optimizing the allocation of information resources by adjusting and clarifying property rights.
6. The performance of market allocation of information resources: (1) The market can reduce the impact of uncertainty in information production; (2) The market can automatically make enterprises and individuals take the risk of innovation and provide power for information production. (3) The market guides information production through price signals. (4) The pressure of market competition forces enterprises to innovate constantly. (5) The market system helps to cultivate entrepreneurs, the main body of innovation.
7. Manifestations of market failure: (-) The market cannot maintain the comprehensive balance and stable and coordinated development of the national economy. The economic equilibrium achieved by market regulation is a kind of equilibrium of post-adjustment and decentralized decision-making. It often has a considerable degree of spontaneity and blindness, resulting in cyclical fluctuations in the economy and imbalance in the total economic output. In addition, in the market economy, individual rational choice can effectively regulate the supply and demand relationship of a single industry and market, but the comprehensive effect of individual rational choice may lead to collective irrational behavior. For example, when the economy experiences inflation, as a rational individual, he will naturally make a rational choice-increase spending to buy goods, and the effect of everyone's rational choice is collective irrational choice-maintain or even aggravate inflation; Similarly, when the economy is depressed, the situation is just the opposite. Make the economy more depressed. Furthermore, in the fierce competition, in order to maximize profits, market players often invest their funds in industries with short cycle, quick results and low risks, resulting in unreasonable industrial structure.
(B) laissez-faire market competition will eventually lead to its own opposite-monopoly. The level of production cost makes market players in different positions in market competition, which in turn leads to some enterprises in favorable positions gradually occupying monopoly positions.
At the same time, in order to obtain economies of scale, some market players often monopolize the market by means of combination, merger, merger, etc., which leads to the distortion of market competition mechanism, making it impossible to play a spontaneous and effective adjustment function and realize the "Pareto optimization" of resource allocation.
(C) the market mechanism can not compensate and correct the external effects of the economy. Economic externality means that some market participants can obtain external economy for free, while some parties suffer losses caused by external diseconomy for free.
(D) the market mechanism can not organize and realize the supply of public goods. It is precisely because of the non-exclusive and non-competitive characteristics of public products that one person's consumption of public products will not cause others to reduce their products, so as long as there are public products, everyone can consume them. On the one hand, the supply of public goods needs costs, which should be shared by the beneficiaries, but on the other hand, "once it is produced, the producers can't decide who will get it", that is, once the supply of public goods is formed, consumers who don't pay can't be ruled out, so the above-mentioned economic external effects and the resulting "free rider" phenomenon will inevitably occur. What's more, in this case, everyone hopes that others can provide public products and enjoy them themselves. In this way, it is very likely that no one will provide public goods.
(E) The market distribution mechanism will lead to unfair income distribution and polarization between the rich and the poor. Generally speaking, the market can promote the improvement of economic efficiency and the development of productivity. But it can't automatically bring the balance and justice of social distribution structure. In addition, market regulation itself cannot guarantee full employment, and unemployment aggravates the disparity between the rich and the poor, which poses a great threat to sustained economic growth: a few super-rich people control the economic lifeline; Potential capital outflow; Many poor people lead to insufficient social consumption and the market is difficult to develop. More seriously, excessive polarization between the rich and the poor "not only weakens social cohesion, but also encourages injustice, thus inevitably undermining the political ties that maintain society."
(6) The market can't define the boundary of property rights and interests of market subjects spontaneously and realize economic order. Market subjects aiming at maximizing their own interests will have contradictions and conflicts of interest in the transaction process, while the parties themselves and the market itself have no mechanism to divide the property rights and interests of market subjects, let alone the ability to resolve conflicts. This requires the government backed by social public power to act as an arbitrator and set "rules of the game" to embody and protect the market principle, that is, to clearly define and protect the rights of different stakeholders in property rights relations in the form of policies or laws to ensure the efficiency and fairness of market transactions. Moreover, the cruelty of market competition, it is easy to induce people to take risks, resulting in illegal violations of the rights and interests of others, disrupting the order of social and economic life.
8. Matthew Effect: The market distribution mechanism that adheres to the principle of equal exchange and fair competition, due to the unbalanced development of various regions, departments (industries) and units, as well as the differences in natural endowments, educational quality and social conditions of each person, leads to the differences in their income levels, resulting in de facto inequality. Competition law often has the characteristics of stronger, weaker and more concentrated wealth. As a result, the income gap between the rich and the poor, and between developed and backward areas is getting bigger and bigger.
9. Information market failure: (1) The information market itself cannot guarantee the construction of a market structure that is most conducive to information production; (2) The market cannot automatically create a good external environment and formulate laws and policies related to information activities. (3) Clear property rights are the premise of effective information market, but the market itself cannot define property rights.
10. Reasons for information market failure: (1) External effects of information. (2) The public goods attribute of information. (3) Monopoly of information commodities. (4) Information asymmetry in the information market. (5) Non-profit of information activities.
1 1. Five objectives of the government's role in the allocation of information resources: (1) Information infrastructure construction. (2) Public information service. (3) education. (4) scientific research. (5) system construction.
12. The role of the government in allocating resources: (1) Make laws and regulations to ensure the normal operation of the market mechanism; (2) Adjust the industrial structure and guide the flow of resources through policy tools (major industrial policies); (3) Redistribution of social wealth by tax instruments; (4) Maintain legal order, and clarify and protect private property rights; (5) investment in infrastructure construction; (6) Investment in education and high-tech research and development.
13. government failure: moderate government intervention can solve some problems that the market mechanism itself cannot solve, but the government regulation mechanism also has inherent defects. On the one hand, it is ineffective intervention, that is, the scope and intensity of government macro-control are insufficient or the way is improperly chosen, which cannot make up for the reasonable need of "market failure" to maintain the normal operation of the market mechanism. On the other hand, it is excessive intervention, that is, the scope and intensity of government intervention exceed the reasonable need to make up for "market failure" and maintain the normal operation of the market mechanism, or the intervention direction is wrong and the form is improperly selected.
14, the root of government failure: (1) Limited information often leads to decision-making mistakes. (2) The control of private market reaction is limited. (3) Time lag. (4) Limitations of public decision-making. (5) The impartiality of government intervention is not inevitable. (6) Government intervention provides the possibility for rent-seeking behavior. (7) Government intervention will easily lead to the expansion of government scale.
15. Levels of information resource allocation efficiency: enterprise economic efficiency, industry economic efficiency and social economic efficiency.
16, the effectiveness of information resource allocation, from the following aspects: (1) the effectiveness of information production; (2) various information commodities
Effectiveness of production ratio; (3) the effectiveness of information market and exchange
17. Evolution and development of information resources * * *: (1) Literature information resources * * * *: Early resources * * * were mainly literature information resources * * *. Such as the interlibrary loan model. Since 1970s, IFLA has carried out the "World Bibliographic Control Plan" to realize the sharing of world cataloging resources. Later, the "World Publications Collection and Utilization Plan" was promoted to realize the sharing of international literature resources. (2) Online retrieval system: With the development of modern information technology represented by electronic computer and remote communication technology and its wide application in information exchange, online retrieval system has developed rapidly all over the world since 1960s. Such as: dialogue system. (3) Access to network resources.
Chapter IV Information Property Rights
1. External effect: refers to the non-market influence brought by the activities of producers or consumers to other producers or consumers in actual economic activities. That is, a person's economic behavior can directly affect (increase or decrease) the economic interests of others without a price mechanism. This is called "external effect" or "external effect" in economics. External influences are both positive and negative.
2. Public goods refer to those products and services that can be enjoyed by many people at the same time, and the cost of providing it and the effect of enjoying it do not change with the number of people who enjoy it, such as public facilities, environmental protection, culture and science education, medicine, health, diplomacy, national defense, etc. (1) Pure public goods: completely non-competitive and non-exclusive, such as national defense and lighthouses, which are usually provided free of charge. It is rare in real life. (2) Quasi-public goods: limited non-competitiveness and partial exclusivity. That is, beyond a certain critical point, non-competitiveness and non-exclusivity will disappear and congestion will appear. For example, compulsory education, public libraries, museums and parks.
3. Transaction cost: the sum of all expenses that must be spent in order to reach any voluntary exchange in the process of economic activities. For example, information cost: the cost of obtaining the information of the transaction object and exchanging information with the transaction object. Bargaining cost: the bargaining cost of contract, price and quality. Decision cost: the internal cost required to make relevant decisions and sign contracts. Supervise the cost of the transaction, etc.
4. The function of resource allocation of property rights is mainly manifested in: (1) Compared with the situation that there is no property right or the property right is unclear, setting property rights is a kind of resource allocation. (2) Any stable property right pattern or structure will form an objective state of resource allocation. (3) Changes in property rights have also changed the pattern of resource allocation, including changing the allocation of resources among different subjects, changing the flow direction and direction of resources, and changing the distribution mode of resources.
5. Economies of scope: The phenomenon that the cost of producing multiple products by one manufacturer at the same time is less than that of producing them separately by multiple manufacturers.
6. Scale economy: refers to the phenomenon that the average cost of unit products and services decreases with the expansion of production scale.
7. Intellectual property rights: legal rights are only the exclusive rights enjoyed by product owners for their creative intellectual achievements. Including literary property rights and industrial property rights. Industrial property right: the exclusive right that people enjoy through intellectual labor in the industrial field. It mainly includes the right of creative achievements, such as patent right, trade secret right, integrated circuit layout design right, etc. (2) Identification and marking rights, such as trademark rights, trade name rights and origin marking rights.
8. Intellectual property law: it is the sum total of legal norms regulating various social relations arising from the creation and use of intellectual achievements, and it is a legal system for confirming, protecting and applying intellectual property rights.
9. The nature of intellectual property: intellectual property is an intangible property right, and the immateriality of the object is the essential attribute of intellectual property, which is manifested as: (1) possession without physical control; (2) Use without tangible loss; (3) There will be no factual punishment and legal punishment for tangible delivery to destroy intellectual achievements.
10. Intellectual property rights have the following legal characteristics: (1) The object of intellectual property rights is the result of creative intellectual activities and must have a well-known objective form, so intellectual property rights are produced by the approval or confirmation of state organs according to law and have legal confirmation; (2) Intellectual property rights are exclusive, that is, exclusivity, which is the exclusive and exclusive right enjoyed by creators for their own intellectual achievements; (3) Intellectual property rights are time-sensitive, that is, intellectual property rights protected by law within the validity period will lose their effectiveness when they expire; (4) Intellectual property rights are regional, that is, intellectual property rights recognized by any country are only valid within its own territory, but not in other countries or regions.
1 1. patent: a patent in a broad sense can refer to a patented technology, a patent document that publishes patented technical information, and a patent certificate that obtains exclusive use rights. Its most basic meaning refers to the patent right.
Patent right: An invention-creation applies to the state patent administration department for a patent, and after being examined and approved according to law, it is granted the exclusive right to the invention-creation within a certain period of time.
12, Copyright (Copyright): Some special rights that the author enjoys according to law for his literary, scientific and artistic works.
13. Trademark: a special mark used by commodity producers to distinguish other people's goods.
Trademark rights include the exclusive right, transfer right, license right and inheritance right of the trademark owner.
14. Trade secrets: Trade secrets refer to technical information and business information that are not known to the public, can bring economic benefits to the obligee, and are practical and kept confidential by the obligee.
15. Characteristics of trade secrets: ① Not protected by patent law. ② Secrecy. ③ Practicality. ④ It has high economic value. (5) after the obligee takes confidentiality measures.