2. Cai Lun (6 1? ~ 12 1) Zhong Jing, Han nationality, was born in Guiyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The inventor of papermaking among the four great inventions in China. Cai Lun, the innovator of papermaking in China's "Four Great Inventions", is one of "100 people" and "the greatest inventor in human history" [1]. Cai Lun's invention and innovation are not limited to papermaking. He "supervised the secret swords and weapons, all of which were exquisite and secret, which was the law of later generations." "Taifu Cai's crossbow and the sword of Longting for nine years are world-famous." Cai Lun was recorded as a "Guiyang native" in the History of the East View and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, but the dispute over his native place has a long history. At present, there are two main opinions: one is that he is from Guiyang County, Hunan Province, and the other is that he is from Guiyang County, leiyang city City, Hunan Province. In the last years of Yongping (75), he entered the palace as a eunuch. He has successively served as Xiaohuangmen, Zhong Servant, Shang Fangling and Changle Servant. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1 14), Andi named it Longtinghou (the fief was in Puzhen, Long Ting, Yang County, Shaanxi Province), with 300 food cities. Cai Lun is honest and prudent, and cares about national interests. He once "severely punished several offenders" and changed the situation. Diligent and studious, concentrate on things. In the 4th year of Yongyuan (1992), Cai Lun took advantage of being an official and often visited rural workshops. When he saw the silkworm woman reeling, there was still a layer of short hair on the bamboo pole, which could be used to write, thus being inspired. He collects raw materials such as bark, waste hemp, rags and old fishing nets. In the first year of Yuan Xing (105), he wrote the paper-making process and method as a memorial, and reported it to Han and Emperor together with plant fiber paper, which was greatly praised by him, and Cai Lun's paper-making technology soon spread. People call this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper", and all over the country "do whatever it takes". This improvement of Cai Lun became one of the four great inventions of ancient china and made great contributions to human civilization. Mack hart, an American, ranked Cai Lun seventh in the "100 list of celebrities who have influenced the course of human history", far ahead of the familiar Columbus, Einstein and Darwin. In 2007, Time magazine of the United States selected and published the "Best Inventor of All Time", and Cai Lun made the list again. 2008 Beijing O 'Cai Lun Portrait
Zheng He is the most outstanding navigator in human history. Zheng He's talent has been vividly reflected in all the great undertakings he has done in his life. He has shown outstanding wisdom and talent in navigation, diplomacy, military affairs, architecture and many other aspects. From the early years of Yongle, Zheng He turned to sailing under the arrangement of Ming Taizu Judy. In Zheng He's early sailing activities, he was already studying and analyzing nautical charts, familiar with the navigation skills of leading stars across the ocean, familiar with all kinds of compass books in the East and West, astronomical geography, marine science, ship driving and repair. From the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1405) to the eighth year of Xuande (A.D. 1433), Zheng He led a huge fleet to the Western Ocean for seven times, passing through Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, Asia and Africa, reaching as far as the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa, and covering more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa. The scale, number of people, strict organization, advanced navigation technology and long voyage of these seven voyages not only showed the strength of the Ming Dynasty, but also fully proved Zheng He's ability to command thousands of troops.
4. Ruban's saws, rulers, Mo Dou, planers, shovels, paving heads, drills, chisels, etc. Used in carpentry during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period-A native of the State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period was a famous architect in ancient China. Lu Ban has many inventions, such as saws, rulers, Mo Dou, planers, shovels, paving heads, drills, chisels and so on. A movable ladder for siege. According to legend, the lock was also invented by Lu Ban.
5. More accurate upper and lower bounds of Zu Chongzhi's mathematics in the Southern Dynasties Zu Chongzhi —— Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties put forward a more accurate upper and lower bound of л by using Liu Wei's graph cutting technique.
6, Liu Wei mathematics 225 ~ 295 cut graph Liu Wei-Wei Jin Liu Wei invented the cut graph method, and his value is л 3. 14. He also invented a new division for linear equations. The problem of indefinite equation is put forward, and the summation formula of arithmetic progression's first several terms is established. Liu is as famous as Euclid and Archimedes.
7. Zhang Heng Astronomy During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng was an astronomer during the Eastern Han Dynasty in China. On the understanding of the structure of the universe, Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of Huntian theory. He thinks the sky is like an eggshell, the earth is like an egg yolk, and the sky is small. He believes that there is an infinite universe outside the shell. Zhang Heng designed and manufactured a water-leaking armillary sphere and a seismograph, and observed and analyzed the sun, moon and stars for many times. He measured that the angular diameter of the sun and the moon is 65438+ 0/736 of the circumference, which is 29'24'. He counted about 2,500 stars in the Central Plains of China. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's outstanding contribution to astronomy, the International Astronomical Society named a crater on the moon "Zhang Heng Crater Mountain".
8. There are 65,438+06 kinds of rice in Guo Shoujing Astronomy, including Gao Rice, Exquisite Rice and Observatory Rice in Yuan Dynasty. Guo Shoujing was an outstanding astronomer in Yuan Dynasty. He created 16 kinds of instruments specially used for measuring celestial bodies, such as altimeter, delicate instrument, observatory instrument, etc. Also made a simple instrument, the existing Purple Mountain Observatory. Guo Shoujing measured the intersection of yellow and red. On the basis of Guo Shoujing's theory, Laplace, a French scientist, put forward the theory of declination. The Danish astronomer Tycho made a similar measurement 300 years later than Guo Shoujing.
9. In Shen Kuo and Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty, it was found that a thin thread was tied to the center of the magnetic needle (compass) and hung up. After observation and discovery, it was written into his book Meng Qian Bi Tan. In the future, people will use needles made of magnets as compasses and guide tables. /kloc-Italians Kyle and Poirot who traveled in the East in the third century saw the compass and spread it to Europe. Edison had about two thousand inventions in his life.
1868 10 year 10 month 1 1, invented the "voting counter" and obtained the first patent right in his life.
/kloc-invented the universal printing press in 0/870, granted the patent right, and obtained 40,000 US dollars. He set up his own manufacturing factory in new york.
1872- 1876, he invented electric animation telegraph, automatic recording telegraph, double and quadruple telegraph, and made wax paper carbon resistor.
1875, the acoustic analysis resonator was invented.
1876, a laboratory, the first industrial research laboratory, was established in Menlo Park, New Jersey. It is the founder of the modern concept of "research group", invented the carbon rod transmitter and applied for a patent for the automatic telegraph recorder.
1877, the telephone invented by Bell was improved and put into practical use in Monroe Park. Obtained three patents: punch pen, pneumatic stylus and ordinary stylus. On August 20th, Edison invented a phonograph which proved to be Edison's favorite project. 1878, Edison claimed to have solved the problem of electric lighting. The Royal Society held a phonograph exhibition .. antenna speakers, sound engines, tuning engines, microcalorimeters, taste testers and so on. On February 65438+9, 2009, he obtained a patent for the phonograph. In July, he and Professor Parker from the University of Pennsylvania went to Wyoming to observe the total solar eclipse and measured the temperature around the sun with the thermometer he invented. In August, he returned to Monroe Park and resumed his scientific research and experiments. Britain approved Edison's patent application for "recorder". In September, he visited william wallace, Connecticut.
1879 ——1880, after many hardships, invented the high resistance incandescent lamp, improved the generator, designed a new current distribution method, circuit arrangement and calculation method, invented the electric lamp holder and switch, and invented the magnetic ore separation method.
1879 On August 30th, Edison and Bell demonstrated their telephone equipment in the town hall of Saratoga Creek. Therefore, Edison's telephone number is clear in Bibel. 2 10 year1on October 30th, he invented the incandescent lamp with high resistance. It was on for 40 hours. 1 1 year1month, we applied for the patent of carbon filament lamp. On February 2 1, new york Express reported Edison's incandescent lamp. On February 25th, 2008, we performed an open electronic performance for 3000 tourists from new york.
1880, he studied the helicopter, obtained a patent for the invention of electric light, and made a magnetic ore screen. 1October 28th, 65438+ filed a patent for "power transmission and distribution system". 18 On February 28th, Scripps Monthly published the article "Edison's Electric Light", which officially published the invention of electric light. In May, the first electric-lighted Columbia was built.
188 1 year, the headquarters of Fifth Avenue in New York was established. An incandescent lamp factory was established in new york. A factory has been established to produce generators, underground wires and electric lamp parts. Monroe Park Test Tram.
1882 invented the three-wire current distribution system and applied for a patent 14 1. On September 4th, the first central factory was established. At the end of February, more than 150 small power stations were established in all parts of the United States.
1885 filed a patent for wireless telegraph on May 23rd.
1887- 1890 improved the cylinder phonograph and obtained more than 80 patents for the phonograph. Phonographs, records and tape recorders are manufactured and sold.
1888, invented the phonograph.
1889, participated in the Paris Centennial Expo, invented a variety of electrified railways, and completed the film machine.
In 1890- 1899, he designed a large crusher and grinder, and personally directed Ogden Mine to adopt a new method to develop iron ore on a large scale. 189 1 year, he invented "Edison concentrator" and started his own mining career. Obtained the patent of "Movable Film Projector" and won the first prize on May 20th.
1893, the world's first film studio was built in the courtyard of Edison's laboratory.
1894 On April 14, the first movable film projector cinema opened in new york.
1896 On April 23rd, the film was first shown with Vita projector in Koster-Baier Concert Hall in new york, which was warmly welcomed by the public.
1902 vehicle power test with new battery, with a journey of 5,000 miles, which can be driven on one charge 100 miles, which was successful.
1903, Edison's company produced the first feature film great train robbery.
1909, the research of storage battery which lasted for ten years was finally successful. Made a fax telegram, and obtained the design patents of raw material machine, fine grinding machine and long kiln.
1910-1914, the disc phonograph was completed without damaging records and diamond records. The sound film machine is finished.
19 10 years, invented the disc record.
19 12 years, invented the "talking movie" and developed it into a message phonograph.
1914-1915, invented the comprehensive manufacturing method of carbonic acid, and combined the phonograph with the dictation recorder as a teletypewriter. A phone can automatically record the voice of the other party and make its own benzene and indigo oil.
1915-1918 Over the years, there have been as many as 39 inventions, among which the most famous are torpedo mechanical devices, flamethrowers and underwater periscope. , and completed the long-term record. 39860 . 68686868686
1928 successfully extracted rubber from weeds.
Edison died in West Orange on 193 10, 10, 18 at the age of 84, 10, 10, 2 10.