(A) enterprise technology management mechanism
In highly market-oriented western countries, the power of the market has always been the driving force for the production and transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces. Highly developed economy and complete and powerful market system promote the formation of enterprise technology management mechanism, making it a propeller of technology transfer. The so-called enterprise technology management means that enterprises are market-oriented and aim at maximizing profits, and constantly engage in technology research, application and circulation. Through technical production and continuous input and output, we will constantly reorganize and optimize the technology of enterprises and maintain their competitiveness. The technical management mechanism originates from the developed market economy, and the market supply and demand mechanism, competition mechanism and interest-driven mechanism force enterprises to innovate consciously. Enterprises either seek survival and development through continuous innovation or decline in conservatism and stagnation. Market is the engine of technological innovation and transfer, and it is also the filter to eliminate backward products and technologies, thus promoting the development of technology market and the expansion of technology trade scale, and promoting the continuous optimization of enterprise technology structure, product structure and even the whole economic structure and the rational allocation of resources.
On the one hand, the formation of enterprise technology management mechanism urges enterprises to regard technological innovation as the lifeline, which runs through all business activities, so that the concept of technology winning is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and the channels for technology development and promotion are smooth; On the other hand, it makes enterprises become the main body of technology development and absorption, that is, the two-way main body of technology market, which promotes the formation of an effective supply and demand mechanism of technology market. This is an important reason for the continuous development of technology market and technology trade in developed countries.
(2) Technology assessment and consultation mechanism
A well-developed technology evaluation and consultation system is also an important factor for the smooth operation of foreign technology markets. Many well-known foreign technical trade organizations have their own perfect technical price evaluation methods and rich experience, and the organizational system specialized in technical evaluation and technical consultation of technical trade is also very developed. For example, the United States, Britain and Germany have hundreds to thousands of institutions engaged in technology assessment or technical consultation, some of which are well-known internationally. Their evaluation of technology mainly includes three aspects: first, the evaluation of the advanced nature, reliability and practicability of technology itself; The second is technical price evaluation; The third is the assessment of technology business prospects and risks. The scope of technical consultation includes the selection of development projects to all aspects of enterprise production and operation. All these effectively ensure the smooth progress of technology trading (Huang Wei, 2009).
(3) Intermediary service mechanism
Science and technology intermediary service runs through the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements and is an important aspect of the transformation mechanism of high-tech achievements. Technology trade is a long and complicated process from the information exchange between buyers and sellers, the selection of trading objects to the execution of contracts and the implementation of technology, which requires the assistance of specialized intermediaries and intermediaries. Foreign technical trade intermediary service institutions often have distinctive characteristics, mainly including:
1. Establish an effective technology transfer organization network for the whole country.
Developed countries attach great importance to establishing an effective technology transfer organization network for the whole country and even the whole world, providing users with services such as technology achievement inquiry, technology and market evaluation and analysis, recommending technology transfer and commercialization projects, and assisting users in arranging technology transfer agreements. For example, the United States established the National Technology Transfer Center (NTTC) and six regional technology transfer centers in 1992. The National Technology Transfer Center cooperated with the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Energy and other 17 federal government departments to establish a national technology transfer network center for scientific and technological achievements. There are more than 70 affiliated institutions in regional technology transfer centers, which are distributed in various states and localities and provide technology transfer services. The STW Foundation in Germany has established hundreds of technology transfer centers all over the country. Flawn Hof has established more than 50 research institutes in 32 cities across the country, and set up offices or liaison offices in the United States, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and China. The French National Agency for the Promotion of Scientific Research Achievements has established technological innovation and technology transfer centers in all regions and regions of China. Syntens in the Netherlands has 15 branches all over the country (An Yuzhuo, 2000). In addition, developed countries generally set up specialized scientific and technological achievements transformation institutions in universities. American universities have basically set up technology transfer offices to be responsible for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The staff specially collects the latest scientific and technological achievements and encourages sponsors to participate, and then applies for patents. Britain has also established many similar liaison institutions, such as the Industrial Liaison Office of Cambridge University. On the one hand, these institutions seek markets for the scientific research achievements of university teachers and researchers; On the other hand, it introduces the topics and business trends of the enterprise to the teachers and researchers of the school, and plays the role of "matchmaking". In Sweden, the national university has set up an "industrial liaison office" composed of representatives from the government, schools and industrial departments to promote school-enterprise cooperation. Technical University of Berlin, Germany has a technology transfer office with a relatively complete database, which is used to manage cooperation projects, provide technology to new institutions, publicize the important technological achievements of the school, and carry out international cooperation and exchanges. In Canada, universities generally have research and industrial adjustment offices, which are responsible for contacting the industry, promoting the research results of universities to enterprises and bringing the demand information of enterprises to schools. It can be seen that developed countries have established technical intermediary service institutions at all levels, forming a closely linked organizational network. This is very different from the current situation in which technical intermediaries in various parts of China are fragmented and fragmented.
2. Experts participate in the transfer of scientific and technological achievements
Foreign technology trade intermediaries attach great importance to attracting experts and scholars from various industries to participate in technology transfer. British Technology Group (BTG) has absorbed a large number of technical experts and venture capital experts. The Fraunhofer Association in Germany is mainly composed of scientists, inventors and entrepreneurs. In particular, STW's transfer centers are mostly located in universities with experts as the mainstay, closely uniting thousands of experts and maintaining close business ties with universities and scientific research and design units, so that the Foundation can keep abreast of the latest scientific and technological development information. Once enterprises have a demand for scientific and technological achievements, they can immediately provide corresponding technology holders and experts familiar with these technologies (An Yuzhuo, 2000).
3. Facing the market, establish a perfect service system for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.
Fully considering the market demand and facing buyers and enterprises is an important factor for the successful operation of foreign intermediary service institutions. Intermediaries in Germany and the Netherlands mainly serve the vast number of small and medium-sized enterprises, and it is their responsibility to help them compete in the international market. To this end, they constantly visit enterprises, understand their needs, and start with specific projects in a down-to-earth manner to provide all-round services for enterprise technology transfer. In order to meet the needs of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of small and medium-sized enterprises, in the early 1980s, the United States established a small business development center, a small and medium-sized enterprise information center and a productivity promotion center built in universities to provide comprehensive services for small and medium-sized enterprises, which received great attention and support from the government and all walks of life. The federal government, state governments and other institutions provide operating funds. Japan provides consulting services in the process of promoting the rapid transformation of scientific and technological achievements. The main ways are: some major strategic basic technologies related to the national economy and people's livelihood are generally entrusted by state intermediaries; Intermediary agencies industrialize or commercialize technology enterprises, and extract repayment funds from their sales income (or profits) for development and intermediary, and obtain new commercialized technologies through original development and coordination of various relationships among enterprises, or implement "patent application agency" for technologies with higher degree of industrialization (Wan, 2006). Britain has formed a multi-level, all-round and well-structured service system for scientific and technological achievements. At the government level, hundreds of regional "enterprise liaison offices" have been established and improved throughout the country to realize the transformation and popularization of scientific and technological achievements; At the public level, scientific and technological consulting groups with scientific and technological consulting functions should be established, such as the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering, research councils and university scientific and technological policy research institutions. At the enterprise level, many for-profit intermediaries, mainly small companies, have been established. Looking at the development trend of scientific and technological achievements transformation service industry in developed countries, it shows the characteristics of comprehensiveness, knowledge, service and rule of law. This is in great contrast with China's intermediary agencies that only stay at the lower level of collecting and publishing information and communicating the relationship between supply and demand, or convene technology holding units to hold various technology fairs and information conferences.
4. The combination of information service and venture capital supports technological innovation and technology transfer.
In the process of technology trading, technology buyers not only need to match the bridge, but also need intermediaries and technology sellers to share risks with them. British Technology Group (BTG) is an intermediary organization integrating information services, licensing trade and venture capital, which supports technological innovation and technology transfer with venture capital. Have the right to protect patents and issue technology licenses authorized by the state; Have the right to apply for, master, process and issue licenses for research results invested by the government and research results deemed necessary; Have the responsibility to ensure the redevelopment of national research results and any results that are not fully utilized according to social needs; It can provide financial support for related research projects in the fields needed by the country or in the research fields that it thinks may lead to users' practical application. When BTG contracts a technology from the inventor, it will be responsible for the worldwide patent protection expenses of the technology and find the buyer of the license. After the buyer obtains the benefits, he will share the benefits with the inventor. When the technical achievement provider only provides experimental results, BTG will provide funds to further develop these results until they can be applied. This operating mechanism of BTG has extensive and close contact with universities, research institutes, enterprises and numerous technical inventors at home and abroad, and it is very attractive to the inventors of technical achievements because it bears the financial risk of early development of technical achievements, and really plays a role as a bridge and link to transform technical achievements into real productive forces (An Yuzhuo, 2000).