The origin of the name "pencil"

1564, a black mineral-graphite was discovered in a place called barodale, England. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, and its color is much darker than lead, people call it "black lead". At that time, shepherds in Barodale often used graphite to mark sheep. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. Soon, King George II of England simply owned the Barodale graphite mine to the royal family, making it an exclusive product of the royal family. Writing with graphite strips will not only dirty your hands, but also break them easily. 176 1 year, the German chemist Faber first solved this problem. He washed graphite with water to make it into graphite powder, then mixed it with sulfur, antimony and rosin, and then made this mixture into strips, which were much tougher than pure graphite strips and less likely to get his hands dirty. This is the earliest pencil. Until the end of 18, only Britain and Germany could produce this kind of pencil in the world. Therefore, after Napoléon Bonaparte launched a war against neighboring countries, Britain and Germany cut off the supply of pencils to France. Therefore, Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the French chemist Comte to look for graphite ore in his own country and then make pencils. However, the quality of French graphite ore is poor and its reserves are small. Comte mixed clay with graphite and put it in a kiln for barbecue, which made a good and durable pencil lead in the world at that time. Pencil lead produced by different clay proportions in graphite has different hardness and color. This is the origin of H (rigid pencil), B (soft pencil) and HB (pencil with moderate hardness) marked on pencils today. The task of putting a wooden stick coat on a pencil was completed by American craftsman Monroe. He first built a machine that could cut the battens, then carved a slot in the battens, put pencil lead in the slot, and then aligned and glued the two battens together, with pencil lead tightly embedded in the middle. This is the pencil we use today. The pen core made of graphite or colored clay is used as a writing medium and as a writing or painting tool for study, office work, engineering drawing, art, painting, various marks, etc. In ancient Greece and Rome, lead bars similar to pencils were made of lead metal. This kind of pen is mostly made into a cone shape, and lead is rubbed on other objects, leaving traces of lead for marking. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, a similar modern pencil appeared in Europe, and Dutch painters used it to draw on paper. Italians use a mixture of lead and tin to make lead strips, which are used for painting and writing. 1565, German C. Gesner's library made an illustration with a pencil, which recorded that "for drawing and taking notes, people used lead and other mixtures as refills, and then attached wooden handles to draw lines ...". In the same year, Britain began to make the most primitive wooden pencils by hand, with graphite as the refill. 1662, the world's first pencil factory-Shidelou pencil factory was built in Nuremberg, Germany. 176 1 year, F. Caster, a German, founded Faber Caster pencil factory in Nuremberg. The lead core was made by heating sulfur, antimony and other binders and mixing them with graphite, which made the pencil manufacturing technology take a big step forward. From 1790 to 1793, N.J. Kant of France used the method of washing graphite for the first time to improve the purity of graphite, and bonded graphite with clay to make a refill. This method is called Kong Defa. Kant pencil factory was established in 1793, which laid the foundation of modern pencil industry. China established the first Dahua pencil factory in Kowloon on 1932. Later, Beiping China Pencil Company and Shanghai China Pencil Factory were successively established, both of which were semi-finished products processing plants. From 65438 to 0934, China Standard Domestic Pencil Factory was established in Shanghai, and self-made lead cores were started to study domestic raw materials to make pencils. After the founding of New China, Harbin, Beijing, Tianjin, Jinan, Dalian, Fuzhou, Shenyang, Bengbu and other cities have successively built large pencil factories with an annual output of1.50 ~ 250 million. Lead core manufacturing, painting, printing and decoration techniques have also been continuously improved, and all-plastic pencils, resin fine lead cores and fine core movable pencils have been developed. New equipment such as rubber sheet binding dryer, automatic painting machine, electric tunnel core-burning furnace, grinding machine and various packaging machines have been developed.