Russia cancels patent fees

In China, there is such a legend. The Soviets successfully established an industrialized country on their own. However, anyone who knows a little basic knowledge knows that any systematic thing must have a "master". Wushu needs reliable Wushu guidance; Painting needs a reliable art teacher; The industry also needs supporting engineering guidance. We opened the dusty historical archives and watched the Soviets build their own industrial empire step by step. Where is the origin of Soviet industrialization? A solid foundation Many people who don't know the truth think that the Soviet Union, like China, had nothing in the old society. However, industrial data tells us that Russia before World War I was never poor. On the contrary, Russia was the world's five major industrial powers at that time. It is true that Russia can't compare with established powers like Britain, France and Germany, and it can't compare with the emerging United States. But looking around the world, there are only a handful of countries that can stand side by side with Russia. Of course, World War I and Civil War have greatly hurt Russian industry, but this is not the whole story. Russian achievements are directly related to Premier Stolypin. During his tenure as Prime Minister, Storey Ping advocated far-sighted land reform, hoping to promote Russian economic and political stability by improving farmers' legal status and economic situation. Under the reform of Premier Stolypin, Russian grain output increased, new rich peasants became the middle class, and the educated population increased. Russians believe that his greatness is still above Stalin. The main purpose of land reform in Stowe Lei Ping is to privatize land and hand it over to farmers from landlords or nobles. Under the previous village cooperative system, farmers lacked the enthusiasm to engage in agricultural production, because they did not produce on their own land, and more than half of the fruits of their labor had to be transferred to others. Only when the farmer knows that the fruits of labor will belong to him can he glow with enthusiasm for production and be willing to invest in land. Under the old land system, the distribution of the fruits of labor does not help to reward the diligent and punish the lazy, because no matter whether they are lazy or diligent, the distribution result is the same. Comparing with each other and offsetting enthusiasm will inevitably lead to the decline of the overall productivity level and the living standards of farmers. Russia needs farmers to get rich, because the well-being of the country also depends on the wealth of the people. "We should know that people's wealth creates national prosperity." Under the reform of the last czar of the Russian Empire, Prime Minister Stolypin made the following achievements: the grain output increased by 30%, reaching 19 13, and the agricultural output value increased by 2%, ranking first in the world; The industrial output value increased by 5%, ranking first in the world; The population growth rate is 1.5%, ranking first in Europe. The gross national income was 654.38+064 billion rubles, the fourth highest growth rate in the world; The gross national product is 652 1 10,000 rubles, ranking fifth in the world in terms of growth rate. The statue of Stolypin in Kiev, although most of these achievements were destroyed by World War I and Civil War. However, industry can be destroyed, and well-trained engineers and skilled workers are still there; Agriculture can be destroyed, but the production organization is not necessarily. Stolypin has played an important role in Russian future achievements. Investment from capitalism Lenin famously said, "Capitalists will sell us ropes to hang themselves." This statement was used to describe the economic model of the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the process of introducing advanced technology and equipment and absorbing foreign capital in the Soviet Union can be roughly divided into two stages, namely, the period of national economic recovery (1921-kloc-0/926) and the period of industrial and national economic technological transformation (1927- 1937). One of the important contents of the new economic policy is to implement the policy of opening to the outside world and strengthen economic ties with capitalist countries. During this period, the main ways to attract foreign investment and introduce advanced technology and equipment were concession system, Soviet-foreign joint venture, international loan and recruitment of foreign technicians. The resolution of the Tenth Congress of the Soviet Union pointed out: "The franchise system itself is a form of economic contract between socialist countries and industrialized capitalist countries. 1920, 1 1 In June, the Soviet Union promulgated the Concession System Law. 192 1- 1926, the Soviet union signed a concession contract with the capitalist 144, and leased 73 enterprises one year later. By the end of 1927, the Soviet Union had obtained16110,000 rubles from concession enterprises. Through the franchise system, the Soviet Union successfully obtained considerable income. Therefore, in 1927, a large number of equipment, technology and talents from western society were introduced. Perhaps it is God's blessing that the capitalist world coincides with the once-in-a-century financial crisis. Overheating of production makes a large number of employees unemployed, and a large number of equipment is abandoned because it is unprofitable. The Soviet Union cleverly seized this opportunity and bought a large number of these surplus products and talents. The Great Depression will not starve Americans, but it will make Americans unemployed. 1929 The Central Advisory Bureau for Foreign Affairs under the Supreme State Economic Council of the Soviet Union is responsible for leading the introduction and utilization of foreign technical forces. By the end of 1929, the Soviet Union had signed more than 70 technical assistance and consultation agreements with foreign countries, involving many important economic sectors such as machinery, metallurgy, petrochemical industry and transportation. By the beginning of 193 1, the number of Soviet projects receiving technical assistance had increased to 124, with a total investment of 83 million rubles. The Great Depression was a nightmare in the west, but it was the gospel of the Soviet Union, which was very enthusiastic about introducing equipment. According to the export report, the number of industrial equipment purchased by the Soviets ranks first in the world. Some equipment was even "guaranteed" by the Soviets. 1928- 193 1 year, the Soviets bought 67. 1% cutting machines, 52.6% turbines and 69% tractors from the west. These equipments played a vital role in the industrialization stage of the Soviet Union. As we all know, power generation is an important indicator of industry. Generators imported from the west account for 89% of Soviet engines, and steam engines also account for 87% of Soviet engines. While the Soviets are proud of their own construction, they may forget that all production lines are western. It is worth mentioning that the military industry that the Soviets and Soviet fans are proud of is also "started" by foreign capital. The Soviet Union also signed technical assistance agreements with companies in the United States, Britain, Germany and Italy in the fields of military industry such as airplanes, warships and submarines. For example, since the early 1930s, more than 20 companies in the United States have provided the Soviet Union with designs, equipment, patents or dispatched engineers to help the Soviet Union manufacture aircraft engines, bombers, fighter planes and commercial transport planes, making the aviation industry, which was originally a blank spot, leap to the forefront of the world by the early 1940s. The construction of the Soviet army was basically completed in cooperation with the West. It is worth mentioning that Germany and the United States, the two arch-enemies in the future, are the biggest investors in the Soviet Union at this time. During the first five-year plan period, a large number of modern backbone enterprises established by the Soviet Union were almost all completed with the help of the West. The three major steel mills in the Soviet Union, namely, the Togorsk Steel Plant in Magney, the Kuznetsk Steel Plant and the Zaporoge Steel Plant, were all built with the assistance of the United States and Germany. With the help of western experts, the three major automobile factories in the Soviet Union updated their equipment with western equipment. Most of the four tractor factories are new factories aided by Germany and other countries, and the famous Stalingrad tractor factory was built with the help of nearly 80 factories in the United States. Dnieper Power Station was the largest power station in the1930s, and other large power stations were built with the help of equipment provided by Britain, Germany and the United States. Stalin praised this: "About two-thirds of the large industrial enterprises in the Soviet Union were built or aided by the United States." No one thought that the earliest owner later became an enemy, but the capitalist was not a philanthropist. Their efforts also need to be rewarded, which makes the Soviet Union bear the eternal stigma and adds many variables to the situation in Eastern Europe today. What's the cost? We'll know next time!