Doctoral thesis reference format
Whether it is in school or in society, everyone will have come into contact with papers more or less. Papers are a way to describe academic research results and conduct academic exchanges. kind of tool. Have no clue when it comes to writing a paper? The following is the reference format of doctoral dissertations that I have collected and compiled. It is for reference only. Let’s take a look.
1. The type of reference (that is, the source of the citation) is identified by a single letter, as follows:
[M]--Monograph, work
[C]--Proceedings (generally refers to sequels of papers published at conferences, and some collections of special papers, such as "Collection of Academic Papers for Graduate Students of xxx University"
[N]--Newspaper Article
[J]--Journal article: A paper published in a journal. Although sometimes we see it downloaded from the Internet (such as CNKI), it is also published in a journal. You The electronic journals you see are only their electronic versions
[D]--Dissertation: It does not distinguish between master's and doctoral thesis
[R]--Report: Generally, it will be in the title There are words "Report on xxxx"
[S]--Standard
[P]--Patent
[A]--Articles: Very few Used, mainly for articles that do not belong to the above types
[Z]--For document types that do not belong to the above, the letter "Z" can be used to identify it, but this situation is very rare. Commonly used electronic documents and carrier types Logo:
[DB/OL]--database online
[DB/MT]--database on magnetic tape [M/CD] --CD book (monograph on
CDROM) [CP/DK] --Disk software (computer program on disk) [J/OL] --Online journal (serial online)
[EB/OL] --Electronic bulletin board online
Obviously, what is marked is the English abbreviation of the resource, / indicates the type in front, and / indicates the carrier of the resource after /, such as OL Represents an online resource.
2. Format and examples of references
1. Journal type
Format [serial number] Author. Title [J]. Title of publication, year of publication , volume number (issue number) starting and ending page numbers.
Example:
[1] Zhou Rong, Ren Zhiguo, Yang Shannglei, Li Xingxing. Thoughts and considerations on graduation project management under the new situation Practice [J]. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Teaching, 2003(6): 107-109.
[2] Xia Luhui. Research report on the teaching situation of graduation projects (theses) in colleges and universities [J]. Higher Science Education, 2004(1): 46-52.
[3] Heider, E.R.amp; D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages[J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999 , (3): 62 67.
2. Monograph type
Format [serial number] Author. Book title [M]. Place of publication: Press, year of publication: starting and ending page numbers.
Example:
[4] Liu Guojun, Wang Liancheng. Research on Library History [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1979: 15-18, 31. [5] Gill , R. Mastering
English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.
3. Newspaper type
Format [serial number] Author .Title of article [N]. Name of newspaper, date of publication (edition).
Example:
[6] Li Dalun. The importance of economic globalization [N]. Guangming Daily , 1998-12-27(3).
[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).
4. Proceedings
Format [serial number] Author. Title [C]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication: starting page number.
Example:
[8] Wu Lifu. Selected Western Literature [C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979: 12-17.
[9] Spivak, G. "Can the Subaltern Speak?"[A]. In C.Nelson & L.
Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois
Press , 1988, pp.271-313.
[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teachers knowledge growth [A].
In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.) . Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C].
New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.
5. Dissertation
Format
[Serial number] Author. Title [D]. Place of publication: saver, year of publication: starting page number.
Example:
[11] Zhang Zhusheng. Differential semi-dynamic systems Invariant Sets [D]. Beijing: Institute of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Peking University, 1983: 1-7.
6. Research Report
Format [Serial Number] Author. Title [ R]. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication: Starting page number.
Example:
[12] Feng Xiqiao. LBB analysis of nuclear reactor pressure piping and pressure vessels [R]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Technology Design and Research Institute, 1997: 9-10.
7. Patent
Format [Serial Number] Patent Owner. Title [P]. Country: Patent No., release date.
Example:
[13] Jiang Xizhou. A preparation scheme for warm topical medicine [P]. Chinese patent: 881056073, 19 89 07 26.
8. Standards
Format [serial number] standard number, standard name [S].
Example:
[14] GB/T 16159-1996, Basic Rules of Chinese Pinyin Orthography[S].
9. Regulations
Format [Serial Number] Issuing Unit. Name of Regulations. Release Date
Example:
[15] Science and Technology Commission of the People's Republic of China. Management Measures for Scientific and Technical Journals [Z].1991-06-05
10. Electronic Documents
Format [serial number] Main person responsible. Electronic
Document title. Electronic document source [electronic document and carrier type identification]. Or available address, publication or update date/citation date.
Example:
[16] Wang Mingliang. Progress in standardized database system engineering for Chinese academic journals [EB/OL]./pub/wml.txt/980810 2.html, 1998 08 16/1998 10 04.
[17] Wan Jin. Chinese University Journal Paper Abstracts (1983 1993). English version [DB/CD]. Beijing: China Encyclopedia Press, 1996.
11. Various undefined types of documents
Format [serial number] Main person responsible. Document title [Z]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
Special note: All punctuation marks that appear in the "References" item
The symbols have lost their original meaning, and all punctuation marks must be half-width. If your input method has half-width/full-width solutions To convert, just switch to the half-width state. If your input method does not have this conversion function, just close the Chinese input method and enter in the English input state.
In fact, many input methods (For example, the currently popular Sohu input method) provides four combinations:
(1) Full-width Chinese punctuation: The input punctuation at this time is like this: 1-(At this time, I did not Find which key can input /symbol) In other words, these symbols must not appear in "References";
(2) Chinese punctuation half-width: The punctuation input at this time is like this: 1-(At this time, I still haven't found which key can input the / symbol) In other words, these symbols cannot appear in the "References"; The symbols listed above do not have any spaces in the middle. You can see Is there any difference between them? I think only the width of - is a little different, everything else is the same
(3) Full-width English punctuation: The punctuation input at this time is like this,.: [1]- / (4) English punctuation half-width: The punctuation input at this time is like this, .: [1]-/ It can be obvious from these two items
It can be seen that the biggest difference between half-width and full-width is that they occupy different widths. This is most obvious for numbers, and English punctuation is obviously much smaller than Chinese punctuation (perhaps because English punctuation is much smaller than Chinese punctuation). , the punctuation function is not as complex as Chinese, which means that the ability of punctuation marks in English is not as powerful as Chinese)
Therefore, many people always feel that it is awkward to use half-width punctuation in English when writing "references" It’s clear, and the spacing is too small. In fact, there’s no need to worry about this. If you think it’s really too small and doesn’t look good, just use full-width English punctuation. There is usually a space after [1].
For English references, you should also pay attention to the following two points: ①The author's name adopts the principle of "surname first, first name last", the specific format is: surname, first letter of the first name. For example: Malcolm Richard Cowley should For: Cowley, M.R., if there are two authors, the first author's method remains unchanged, amp; then the initials of the second author's name are placed first, and the last name is placed last. For example: Frank Norris and Irving Gordon should be: Norris, F. & I.Gordon.
② Use italics for book titles and newspaper titles, such as: Mastering English Literature, English Weekly.
3. Notes
Comments are further explanations or additional explanations for a specific content in the text of the paper. Comments should be placed at the footer of this page, preceded by circle codes ①, ②, ③, etc. ;