(A) Science and technology investment mechanism is not perfect
1999 after the localization of geological prospecting team, a large number of state funds withdrew from the field of mineral exploration, but market capital did not enter on a large scale (Yao Huajun et al., 2005), and the total investment in geological prospecting technology was not high. In addition, China's geological exploration needs to strengthen the diversified construction of scientific and technological investment channels. From 2007 to 2009, the central government has been accounting for more than 50% of the total investment in geological exploration science and technology in China, of which the government funds reached 654.38+06 billion yuan in 2008, accounting for 80% of the total investment. Although the capital investment of enterprises, financial institutions and other channels has increased, the proportion is still too low compared with the government's investment in science and technology. In recent years, the total investment of R&D in China has been increasing, but there is still a big gap compared with other countries in the world. In 2005, the total investment of R&D in China was only 9.57% of that of the United States (Liao Tiantu, 2008). The value of R&D/GDP indicates the intensity of a country's investment in science and technology in economic development, and it is a commonly used index in international comparison of the intensity of investment in science and technology. The investment intensity of developed countries is 2% ~ 3% (Cheng Wenxin, Liu Min, 2007). In 2005, the R&D intensity of China was only 1.34%, while that of Sweden was 4.25%, more than three times that of China (Liao Tiantu, 2008). Compared with developed countries, China's R&D intensity is still at a low level.
There is a big gap between China's investment in geological exploration science and technology and foreign developed countries in terms of total investment, investment channels and investment intensity, which directly affects the development speed of geological science and technology and the transformation level of scientific and technological achievements. Internationally, an important way and means of investment and financing in mineral exploration is through the financial market-exploration capital market. For example, in the securities markets of Canada, Australia, Britain, South Africa and other countries, there are many listed companies engaged in mineral exploration from all over the world, which can be called mineral exploration capital market. Wang Ruijiang and others (2008) found that a remarkable feature of the world mineral exploration situation is the diversification of financing channels and methods for commercial exploration. In addition to financial funds, bank loans, enterprises' own funds, personal funds and transnational funds have become important financing channels for commercial exploration, and enterprises can also broaden financing channels through various combinations of financing tools and innovation of financing tools. Gordon J, Bogden(200 1) summarized the equity financing modes of Canadian primary exploration companies, including joint ventures, installment purchase and holding, franchise sales, private equity and tax preferential liquidity financing. Yin (2007) found that the financing mode of mineral exploration projects in developed countries has long been mainly market financing, and the funds needed for mineral exploration mainly come from venture capital, debt financing and public listing. See table 2- 18 for the main mineral exploration capital markets in the world.
(two) the transformation of geological scientific and technological achievements has not yet formed a perfect supply and demand mechanism.
At present, China has not yet formed a perfect supply and demand mechanism in the transformation of geological scientific and technological achievements. Mainly manifested in:
First, in the deployment of geological survey tasks, the implementation of geological survey work is not closely integrated with scientific and technological progress, with heavy workload and low standards and requirements for quality assessment of technology and achievements. Geologists don't understand the application of new technology and equipment, and all their work is limited to their familiar means. Because of its exemplary role in the whole industry, the demand for new technology in the national geological industry has weakened.
Table 2- 18 Global Major Mineral Exploration Capital Markets
Source: Based on information and reports disclosed by the Exchange.
Second, after the scientific and technological achievements of geological prospecting are supported in the research and development stage, they lack the support of follow-up promotion and improvement funds, which leads to low conversion rate and application rate of achievements, collapse of research teams of new technologies and serious waste of research funds.
Third, the market access system and management of geological prospecting need to be strengthened. At present, a large number of individual teams undertake geological projects by attaching or borrowing qualifications, which are not included in the supervision and assessment system. Their unreasonable low price advantage has greatly impacted the market, disrupted the market order and caused damage to the development of the industry.
Fourth, enterprises and technology users in the domestic geological industry lack the ability to develop and apply new technologies and equipment. In the current domestic market environment, their understanding of the value of scientific and technological achievements is not high, and it is difficult to reach an understanding of cooperation with new technology research and development units, and a good cooperation transformation mechanism has not been established.
(C) poor information transmission channels
The transformation of scientific and technological achievements lacks a two-way communication mechanism and an intermediary organization linking the supply and demand sides of scientific and technological achievements, and the transfer channels of scientific and technological achievements are not smooth, and the supply and demand are seriously out of touch. A lot of scientific and technological information needed by enterprises is not provided, and many information institutions have a lot of scientific and technological information but rarely contact enterprises. Some problems and actual effects after the transformation of scientific and technological achievements cannot be fed back to researchers in time. There is also a lack of effective information communication mechanism within the science and technology system, which leads to low-level duplication of scientific research projects and turns scarce government research investment into a "pepper noodle" situation.
(D) Science and technology evaluation mechanism is not sound enough
At present, scientific and technological personnel do not care about the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but only care about the awards and rankings of their own scientific and technological achievements, which will inevitably lead to the gap between research achievements and practical applications and the inadaptability to the market economy. This is related to the lack of market awareness of scientific and technological personnel and the imperfect evaluation mechanism of science and technology, which seriously restricts the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces.
(E) Lack of funds has become a bottleneck restricting the transformation of achievements.
There is a serious shortage of funds for the transformation of geological scientific and technological achievements, which is not only reflected in the lack of government investment, but also in a single source of funds. The research funds of scientific research institutes, universities and related institutions in the geological industry mostly come from the financial support of the state, and there are few inputs from private enterprises. In addition, China's science and technology venture capital mechanism is not perfect, the scale of venture capital enterprises is small, the financial strength is not strong, and the scale and mode of transforming scientific and technological achievements into venture capital can not meet the social needs. The financial support channels for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are not smooth and the capital investment is insufficient, which makes many achievements with high scientific and technological content and great market potential unable to be transformed into real productive forces in time and effectively.
(six) the lack of professional talents in the transformation of geological scientific and technological achievements
According to the investigation, most geological research institutions in China, as public welfare organizations in the field of geological science and technology, mainly focus on geological science and technology, and have not formed a strong professional team in the transformation and marketing of geological achievements. Some geological science and technology units transformed into enterprises are also subject to unclear positioning, heavy burden and policy constraints. The transformation ability and effect of the results are poor, and hard work has been made in the market cultivation stage. Once the results are successfully transformed, they will be lost to the subsequent follow-up enterprises, resulting in a conservative transformation process. The participation of researchers in the whole transformation process will affect the research and development of new achievements, which will not only cause great waste of scientific research resources, but also restrict the transformation efficiency of achievements.
(7) The protection of intellectual property rights is not perfect.
Although the state has formulated corresponding laws and regulations on intellectual property protection, some geological researchers in China lack awareness of intellectual property protection, and only pay attention to the appraisal and reward of scientific and technological achievements, ignoring the feasibility of development and the practicality of production. In the transaction of technological achievements, technology patent infringement and conflict of interest distribution emerge one after another. As a result, a large number of technological achievements become the objects of competitors' copying and imitation in the development process, and the high investment in the early stage can not form the sales of high value-added products, resulting in poor transformation effect.