The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is located at the foot of Lishan Mountain to the east of Lintong County, more than 30 kilometers away from Xi'an City. According to historical records: Qin Shihuang Yingzheng began building the cemetery when he came to the throne at the age of 13. Prime Minister Li Si presided over the planning and design, and General Zhang Han supervised the construction. The construction took 38 years. The vastness and grandeur of the project created the luxury of all feudal rulers in the past. A precedent for generous burials. At that time, the total population of the Qin Dynasty was about 20 million, and as many as 720,000 people worked to build tombs. The soil used for building the mausoleum was taken from the multi-level loess cliffs 5 to 25 meters high between Sanliu Village and the county quarry, 2,000 meters south of the current cemetery. A large amount of stones used to build the cemetery were taken from Zhongshan and Jun'eshan in the north of the Weihe River, and were transported to Lintong by manpower. The project was very difficult.
Details
The earthen tomb of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is 43 meters high and has a base circumference of more than 1,700 meters. It has two rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and palace city of the capital. . The inner city is slightly square in shape with a circumference of 3890 meters. Except for two gates on the north side, there is one gate on each of the other three sides. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters, and one door on each side. The location of the mausoleum is in the south of the cemetery. Qin Shi Huang's Soldier Toilet Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum, located 1,500 meters east of the mausoleum. In the past, this was a cemetery, and local farmers discovered something like a human being while digging graves. In March 1974, when villagers in Xiyang Village to the east of the mausoleum were digging wells to fight drought, they discovered the large-scale toilet pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum between Xiahe Village and Wula Village, three miles east of the mausoleum. , only to uncover the treasure of Qin terracotta warriors buried underground more than 2,000 years ago. The burial pit of Qin Shihuang's soldiers' toilet is located from west to east, with three pits arranged in a "pin" shape. The earliest discovery was the No. 1 Terracotta Warriors Pit, which is rectangular, 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south, and about 5 meters deep. It has a total area of ??14,260 square meters. It has slope doorways on all sides and a terracotta warriors and horses pit on the left and right sides. It is now called Pit No. 2 and Pit No. 3. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are the largest underground military museum in the world. The layout of the pit is reasonable and the structure is unique. At the bottom of the pit, which is about 5 meters deep, east-west load-bearing walls are erected every 3 meters. The terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes in the gaps between the walls. More than 500 samurai swords, 6 chariots, 24 driving horses, as well as bronze swords, Wu hooks, spears, arrows, crossbows, bronze halberds and other actual combat bronze and iron weapons have been unearthed in Pit No. 1. At the east end of the pit, there are 210 human-height pottery warrior figurines with different facial expressions, clothing styles, and hairstyles. They are all lifelike and realistic in form. They are arranged in three horizontal lines, with 70 people in each line, except for 3 leaders. In addition to wearing pin armor, the rest of the soldiers wore short brown clothes, leggings, string shoes and belts, no helmets and hair tied, bows and arrows, and crossbows in hand, like a vanguard unit ready to set off. After that, there is the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each holding a spear, a spear, a halberd and other long weapons of about 3 meters. They are separated from 35 four-horse chariots in 11 east-west passages, and are lined up in 38 Road column. On the north and south sides and at both ends, there is a row of warrior figurines, which seem to be guards to prevent side attacks. This team has a complete lineup, complete equipment, majestic and majestic. It is an artistic reproduction of Qin Shihuang's mighty army and has a strong artistic appeal.
Edit this paragraph Introduction to Qin Terracotta Warriors
Senior Military Officials
Senior military officials, commonly known as generals’ warriors, are extremely few in number and were unearthed in the Qin Terracotta Warriors pit. There are less than ten pieces, divided into two categories: figurines of generals in battle robes and figurines of generals in armor. Their common characteristics are that they wear a crown, are tall and burly, have an outstanding temperament, and have the demeanor of a general. The generals in battle robes are plainly dressed but decorated with rosettes on their chests, while the chests, backs and shoulders of the generals in armor are decorated with eight colorful rosettes, which are gorgeous, colorful and elegant, highlighting their rank and status. , and prestige in the military.
Chariot Warriors
Chariot warriors are the soldiers on the chariot except for the charioteer (driver). Generally, there are two chariot warriors on the chariot, namely the figurine on the left side of the chariot and the figurine on the right side of the chariot. The figurine on the left side of the car is wearing a long jacket, armor, shin guards, and a midriff on the head. He holds a spear, a spear, a halberd and other long weapons in his left hand, and his right hand is in the shape of pressing a car. The costumes of the figures on the right side of the car are the same as those on the left side of the car, but the postures are opposite. They are both the main force in chariot combat, but according to literature, they have certain differences in weapon configuration and combat responsibilities. Judging from the weapons found around the chariot remains in the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit, both the left and right chariots on the Qin Dynasty chariots were holding long weapons for fighting such as daggers and spears, as well as long-distance weapons such as bows and crossbows, indicating that the left and right chariots on the chariots of the Qin Dynasty were The division of labor is not very clear.
On the chariot, in addition to the spear handlers and figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there were also figurines of military officials who commanded the battle. Military officials are divided into high and low levels, and they are responsible for combat command.
The standing archer figurines
The standing archer figurines are a relatively special type of soldiers among the Qin terracotta warriors. They were unearthed in the east of Pit No. 2. Their weapons are crossbows, and they form a crossbow unit together with the kneeling archer figurines. Military formation. The standing archer figurine is located at the front of the formation. It is dressed in a light battle robe, with its hair tied in a bun, a leather belt around its waist, and square shoes with pointed tips on its feet. The attire is light and flexible. This posture is just like what is recorded in "Wu Yue Chun Qiu": "The way of shooting is to use the left foot vertically and the right foot horizontally. The left hand is like supporting a branch and the right hand is like holding a child. This is the way to hold a crossbow." The gestures of the standing shooting figurines are consistent with the literature records. It shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a very high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized patterns, which have been inherited by later generations.
Kneeling Shooting Figures
The Kneeling Shooting Figures, like the Standing Shooting Figures, were unearthed in the east of Pit No. 2. Their weapons were crossbows, and together with the Standing Shooting Figures they formed a crossbow formation. The standing archer figurines are located on the outside of the array, while the kneeling archer figurines are located in the center of the array. The kneeling archer figurine is wearing a war robe and armor, with a bun on the left side of his head, his feet on the square foot, his head raised, his left leg bent, his right knee on the ground, his upper body slightly turned to the left, his hands on his body The right side holds the bow up and down, showing an individual soldier's training action of holding a bow. Among the sculptural art of kneeling archer figurines, one thing is very valuable, and that is their soles. The dense and dense stitches are carefully carved by craftsmen, reflecting the extremely strict spirit of realism, allowing future generations of viewers to learn from the warriors of the Qin Dynasty. I feel a very strong breath of life.
Samurai Warriors
Warrior warriors are ordinary soldiers. As the main body of military formations, they are the largest number unearthed in Qin Terracotta Pit. They can be divided into two categories according to their clothing, namely battle robes. Samurai and armored warriors. As the main combat force, they are distributed throughout the military formation. Most of the warrior figurines in battle robes are distributed on the outside of the formation and are flexible; while the warrior figurines in armor are distributed in the formation. Both types of warriors hold practical weapons, have a high-spirited temperament, and display movement in silence.
Military figurines
The status of military figurines is lower than that of generals, and they are divided into intermediate and lower levels. Judging from the appearance, they wear a double long crown or a single long crown, and there are several different forms of armor. In addition to being different in clothing from the generals, the military warriors are also slightly different in spirit. The military warriors are generally not as plump and tall as the generals, but overall they are taller, with broad shoulders, standing tall and solemn. It shows more that they are diligent in thinking and brave and capable.
Cavalry figurines
There are 116 cavalry figurines unearthed from Pit No. 2, and they were mostly used in surprise attacks during wartime. Due to the special nature of the arms, the uniforms of cavalry are obviously different from those of infantry and chariot soldiers. They wear small round hats on their heads, tight-sleeved tops with the right lapel folded over the chest, tight-fitting trousers, short boots, short and small armor, and no shawls on their shoulders. Arms, hands without armor. The clothes are short and light, and he holds a horse in one hand and a bow in the other. From this special attire, we can clearly see that starting from ancient cavalry tactics, the knight's agility is a basic requirement. The image of the cavalry unearthed in No. 2 Square is the earliest cavalry object discovered in the archaeological history of my country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for studying the cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.
Chariot warriors
The chariot warriors were unearthed from the three figurine pits. They wore long jackets and armor, with arm armor reaching as long as their wrists. , there are gauntlets on the hands, leggings on the shins, a collar around the neck, a scarf and a long crown on the head, and the arms are raised in front of the driver in a driving posture pulling the bridle. Since chariots were extremely lethal in ancient wars, the position of the driver in ancient wars, especially chariot battles, was particularly important, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.
Edit this paragraph's current situation and its significance
Current situation
In 1961, the People's Republic of China and the State Council designated the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang as a national key cultural relic protection unit. . In 1987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. The "Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum" was established in the arched exhibition hall built on the site of Pit No. 1 of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, which is open to Chinese and foreign tourists.
The scale of Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum project is rarely seen in history
Shortly after Qin Shi Huang (259 BC to 210 BC) succeeded to the throne, he began to build his mausoleum in Shaishan.= After the Six Kingdoms, 700,000 people were recruited from all over the country to participate in the construction of the mausoleum. It took nearly 40 years to complete, and the cemetery was not yet fully completed when the Qin Dynasty died.
According to historical records: the mausoleum is fifty feet high and surrounded by shes for five miles. There are various palaces built inside the tomb, and all kinds of rare treasures are displayed. The scale of the project is rarely seen in history.
The Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses pit is known as the eighth wonder of the world
From 1974 to 1977, the terracotta warriors and horses that were one of the tombs accompanying Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum were excavated one kilometer east of Qin Shi Huang’s mausoleum. Mercenary trap. - Pit No. is in the south, 2.6 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide, and covers an area of ??13,260 square meters. Pit No. 2 is 124 meters long from east to west, 98 meters wide, and covers an area of ??6,000 square meters. Pit No. 3 covers an area of ??520 square meters. In some parts that have been excavated, 800 warrior servants, 18 wooden chariots, and more than 100 pottery horses were unearthed. According to the current arrangement of soldiers and horses, there may be 7,000 warrior servants in these three pits, 100 chariots, and 100 war horses. From the simulated military formation, we can imagine the might and power of the invincible Qin army that swept across six countries and unified the country more than two thousand years ago. The pottery servants are tall, usually about 1.8 meters in height, with different shapes, lifelike expressions, and all facial shapes are the same, making them lifelike. It reflects the superb sculpture skills of the Qin Dynasty.
Pioneering the ancient imperial mausoleum system
Before the Qin Dynasty, sacrifices to the deceased kings were no longer held in cemeteries. Qin Shihuang built the dormitory hall used for sacrifices in the cemetery for the first time. The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang has two layers of city walls, which are in the shape of a zigzag in plan. The mausoleum is located on the south side of the middle of the inner city wall. There is a sleeping hall 50 meters northwest of the mausoleum. The foundation that can be seen now is nearly square, covering an area of ??3,500 square meters, and there are other architectural ruins nearby. In the dormitory hall, the statue of Qin Shihuang was enshrined and ancestors were worshiped. This mausoleum system had a profound impact on future generations and was imitated by the tombs of successive emperors until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is also a development of ancient Chinese funeral culture.
The layout mystery of Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum has been solved
According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi’an, December 22 (Reporter Feng Guoli Yong) “One of the greatest achievements in the archaeological exploration of Qin Shi Huang’s Mausoleum in the past 40 years is that The layout of the mausoleum is basically clear." This is the view of Yuan Zhongyi, the honorary curator of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum and the first captain of the Qin Mausoleum archaeological team. Yuan Zhongyi believes that the entire mausoleum of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is located from west to east, with the seal as the center, and can be divided into four levels, that is, the underground palace (underground palace) is the core part, and the others are the inner city, the outer city, and the outer city in order, with clear priorities. "The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is like a capital city with regular design and magnificent architecture, covering an area of ??56.25 square kilometers, and its inner city area is about 2.13 square kilometers. This 'capital city' is high in the south and low in the north, with a height difference of 87 meters between the north and the south. It is larger than the rectangular cemetery in the east and west. The city wall of the cemetery is composed of two parts, the inner and outer walls. The two city walls are rectangular in the north-south direction and overlap each other, forming a "back" shape with a long north-south and narrow east-west. The total length of the city wall is about 12 kilometers, and it is about 12 kilometers long. The length of the city wall in the Ming Dynasty is similar." The Underground Palace and the Inner City He said that the core of the cemetery layout is the underground palace, and other city walls, buildings, burial tombs, burial pits, etc. all surround it. The Qinling Underground Palace is located under the seal of the southern half of the inner city, which is equivalent to the "palace city" of Qin Shihuang during his lifetime. There is a huge mound of earth above the underground palace, which is often called the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. It occupies two-thirds of the area in the southern part of the inner city. "Historical Records" records: The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin "uses mercury to infuse hundreds of rivers and seas, and imbues it with structures. It is astronomical on the top and geography on the bottom." Although there is currently no archaeological confirmation of this description, there is indeed an abnormal area of ??strong mercury that is several times higher than the normal value above the underground palace. For this reason, archaeologists suspect that the pomegranates produced on the earth of this underground palace are harmful to health, but no one doubts the regularity and complexity of the architectural design of the cemetery. There are many buildings used for worship and burial in the vast area between the palace city and the inner city. As a key construction area, there are the most ground and underground facilities here, especially in the southern half of the inner city. In addition to the underground palace city, many burial pits such as sleeping halls, chariots and horses, ceremonial guards, and storage are all in the southern half; the western area of ??the northern half is the ancillary building area of ??the palace, and the eastern area is the burial area for the harem personnel. The outer city and outside the outer city The outer city is between the inner city wall and the outer city wall, and is the outer part of the city. The west area of ??the outer city (the area between the west inner city wall and the west outer city wall) has the most densely populated ground and underground facilities, with the building base occupying approximately two-thirds of the space in the west area. Its connotation is to symbolize the stables, gardens, gardens, temples and official residences in the capital, which served the emperor's activities such as entertainment and cruises. Distributed from south to north: a large curved stable pit, 31 pits for rare birds and animals, and three groups of courtyard-style garden temple building foundations for officials and officials.
There is a large "Stone Armor Burial Pit" in the south of the east area of ??the outer city. A large number of stone armors and a few chariots and horses were unearthed in the test excavation. The vivid "Hundred Opera Figurines" pit is not far from the south side. The outermost area is the area outside the outer city wall. There are many institutions, places and pits set up for the construction, burial and management of Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum. It belongs to the perimeter of Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum. Yuan Zhongyi said: "On the east side of the Qin Mausoleum, in addition to the well-known Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses pits, there are 98 small stable pits and numerous accompanying tombs, three cemeteries of the tomb builders, and brick kiln sites. In the north, there are also discoveries There are storage pits containing animal parts and turtles, the official office of the cemetery supervisor, and Liyi architectural ruins. There is also a flood control embankment about 40 meters wide at the junction of the southern part of the cemetery and Lishan Mountain to block floods from Lishan Mountain. The regularity and scientific nature of the planning of the Qin Mausoleum are obvious. "According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi'an, December 22 (Reporter Li Yong and Feng Guo) The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin is not only the first in the history of Chinese mausoleums to have a mausoleum and a dormitory hall, but also the first large-scale construction. The custom of burial pits. Wu Yongqi, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum and a well-known cultural relics protection expert, said in an interview with reporters that the protection of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses mainly has two aspects. One is the protection of the pits, and the other is the protection of the paintings of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses. "Now it can be said that there is no problem with the pit. The eight painted terracotta warriors and horses are also very stable. The problem of terracotta warriors and horses protection has basically been solved!" Wu Yongqi said: "The mottled terracotta warriors and horses in pit No. 1 of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have brought about a century-old problem in the protection of cultural relics." Regarding the full-body painted terracotta warriors and horses, Wu Yongqi said The original colors of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have mostly fallen off, leaving only local color residues. After being unearthed, these color residues are very sensitive to environmental behavior and can easily curl and peel. Since the 1990s, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum has been displaying the Terracotta Warriors and Horses The protection of painted paintings is given equal importance to archaeological excavation, and we actively cooperate with Chinese and foreign research institutions and cultural relics protection experts to seek new technologies and new ideas for the protection of painted paintings of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. After years of experiments, cultural conservation personnel have used modern technology to make breakthroughs in both anti-shrinkage and reinforcement aspects, and have found effective painting protection methods: one is the combined treatment method of PEG200 and polyurethane emulsion, and the other is the penetration of monomer materials, Protection methods for electron beam curing. Using this technology, on the basis of the stable protection of the painting of the Kneeling Shooting Warriors in Pit No. 2 of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses for many years, it has been promoted and applied on several pieces of Baixi Terracotta Warriors, with good results. After conducting on-site investigation and comprehensive appraisal, the expert appraisal team of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage believes that this technology has reached the international leading level. Agree
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Today 15:16 Ken_Wu_Jay | Level 4
Royal Cemetery
The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is the first in Chinese history An emperor's cemetery. Its huge scale and rich burial objects rank first among the imperial mausoleums of all dynasties. In accordance with the principle that Qin Shihuang would continue to enjoy glory and wealth after his death, the cemetery was built after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin. It is generally in the shape of a zigzag. There are two layers of inner and outer city walls built around the mausoleum. The inner city wall of the cemetery has a circumference of 3870 meters, and the outer city wall has a circumference of 6210 meters. The large-scale ground-level buildings that have been discovered in the mausoleum area include the dormitory hall, the banquet hall, the garden temple officials' residences and other ruins. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of ??nearly 8 square kilometers, with an outer building and an inner city. The enclosure is in the shape of a square cone. The seal of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum forms a three-level staircase, shaped like an overturned bucket, with an approximately square bottom, with a bottom area of ??about 250,000 square meters and a height of 115 meters. However, due to more than two thousand years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the area at the bottom of the seal is now reduced. It is about 120,000 square meters and has a height of 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery was 120 meters, "Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is as tall as a mountain", but it was later reduced by more than 40 meters due to weathering erosion and man-made destruction). The total area of ??the entire mausoleum is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing the tomb, Qin Shihuang also ordered that the north-south water flow be changed to the east-west direction.
There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The inner city has a circumference of 3890 meters and the outer city has a circumference of 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and palace city respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists discovered horse burial pits, pottery figurine pits, and rare birds and animals pits, as well as human sacrifice pits, stable pits, prison pits, and tombs of the people who repaired the tomb outside the mausoleum. More than 400 tombs have been discovered.
The tomb of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is 55.05 meters high and 2,000 meters in circumference. After investigation, it was found that the entire cemetery covers an area of ??220,000 square meters and contains large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two parts: inner and outer.
The inner city is a square with a circumference of 2525.4 meters, and the outer city has a circumference of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is far beyond that of the Egyptian pyramids.
Qin Construction Map of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich burials. In 1956, the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. In 1961, it was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization designated the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huangdi as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units. It is included in the world cultural heritage protection catalog and has become the common wealth of all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was awarded the national AAAA level tourist attraction.
The largest underground imperial mausoleum in the world
The ancient Egyptian pyramids are the largest above-ground imperial mausoleums in the world, and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang in China is the largest underground imperial mausoleum in the world.
The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in Chinese history, and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang embodies the highest achievements of Qin Dynasty civilization. Qin Shihuang took all his glory and wealth underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building and is located under the mound of earth. "Historical Records" records: "Through three springs, copper was lowered to the coffin of Qin Shihuang. The palace was visited by hundreds of officials, and strange utensils were moved and hidden. The mercury was used to infuse hundreds of rivers, rivers and seas, and instilled the structure. The upper part is astronomical, the lower part is geography, Use the mermaid paste as a candle to save the immortal for a long time. "The archaeological discovery of the underground palace covers an area of ??about 180,000 square meters and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on the mound of sealed earth, surrounded by numerous burials. It is rich in content and unprecedented in scale. In addition to the famous burial pits of terracotta warriors and horses, and the pits of bronze chariots and horses, large-scale stone armor pits, a pit of 100 opera figurines, and civil official figurines were newly discovered. There are more than 600 pits and burial tombs, and more than 100,000 cultural relics have been unearthed in the Qin Mausoleum archaeological work over the past few decades. There are many cultural relic exhibition booths set up in the cemetery, displaying some of the cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years; a waterway exhibition area is arranged to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities in the cemetery at that time; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will definitely be Bigger unexpected discoveries.
Between the dignified green and the tall tombs, in order to allow visitors to experience the honor and majesty of the king, the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang staged a large-scale "reappearance of the guard of honor——" The "Changing of the Guard Ceremony" performance of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum guarding troops and the sand table model display of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum area, cemetery and underground palace integrating "sound, light and electricity" reproduce the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago, and display dozens of The archaeological results in recent years have vividly and intuitively revealed the secrets of the Qin Mausoleum and demonstrated its rich connotations.
Large scale and rich burials
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first imperial cemetery in Chinese history. It is the crystallization of the diligence and ingenuity of the working people of our country and a treasure house of history and culture. , among all ancient imperial tombs, is famous for its large scale and rich burials.
According to "Historical Records: The Chronicles of Qin Shihuang", the tomb was dug down to the underground spring, the base was reinforced with copper, and the coffin was placed on top... The tomb was filled with rare treasures. The key points in the tomb are equipped with crossbows with sharp arrows. Anyone who robs the tomb will be shot to death if they get close. The tomb is also filled with mercury, symbolizing the rivers, lakes and seas; the top of the tomb is inlaid with luminous pearls, symbolizing the sun, moon and stars; fish oil is used to burn lamps in the tomb to ensure eternal light...
Qin Shihuang Mausoleum*** 10 city gates were found, and the north and south gates were on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north side of the tomb is the central part of the cemetery. There are tomb passages on the east, west and north sides leading to the tomb chamber. There are also the remains of four buildings juxtaposed on the east and west sides. Some experts believe that they are part of the dormitory building. The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang embodies the etiquette system of "death as life", with large scale, majestic momentum and special structure.
The center of the mausoleum is where the coffin of Qin Shi Huang is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and tombs around the mausoleum, covering an area of ??56.25 square kilometers. The main burial pits include the copper chariot pit, the horse pit, the pit of rare birds and animals, the stable pit, and the pit of terracotta warriors and horses. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of two large painted bronze chariots and horses - Gaocha and Anche - were unearthed in 1980. They are the largest, most gorgeously decorated, most realistic and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far. Known as the "Crown of Bronze".
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Qin Shihuang Mausoleum [1] The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, located 1,500 meters east of the cemetery. It was discovered by local farmers digging wells in the spring of 1974. As a result, treasures that had been buried underground for more than two thousand years were revealed and were hailed as the "Eighth Wonder of the World."
It provides very precious physical data for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture, science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a valuable asset of human culture in the world. Three pits of terracotta warriors and horses have been excavated. The pits sit from west to east and are arranged in the shape of "pin". There are more than 8,000 pottery figurines and horses in the pits, as well as more than 40,000 bronze weapons.
The ceramic art works in the pit are imitations of Qin Su Weijun. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards holding bows, arrows, and crossbows, or holding bronze swords, spears, and halberds, carrying crossbows to advance, or driving chariots and horses, formed four arms: infantry, crossbow, chariot, and cavalry. All guards in underground tunnels are placed facing east. According to drilling, it is known that there are three funerary pits in ***, of which the No. 1 pit discovered in 1974 is the largest. It is 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south, and about 5 meters deep. A long corridor and 11 passage holes make up the entire pit. More than 6,000 warrior figurines, the same size as real-life horses, arranged in a square formation, and pottery horses pulling chariots were placed in the pit. About 20 meters northeast of Pit No. 1 is Pit No. 2, which was discovered in the spring of 1976. It is another spectacular military formation. Pit No. 2, which is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covers an area of ??9,216 square meters and has a construction area of ??17,016 square meters. There is a combined lineup of multiple arms in Pit No. 2, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of Pit No. 2 is Pit No. 3, which was only opened to tourists on October 1, 1989. Pit No. 3, which is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covers an area of ??more than 500 square meters. According to the inference of relevant experts, Pit No. 3 is considered to be the military curtain used to command Pit No. 1 and Pit No. 2. A chariot, 68 guard figurines and weapons are all kept in the pit.
Since 1974, three pits of terracotta warriors and horses have been discovered 1.5 kilometers east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag shape, covering an area of ??more than 20,000 square meters. 8,000 pottery figurines and hundreds of chariots have been unearthed. and tens of thousands of physical weapons and other cultural relics. Pit No. 1 is the "Right Army" and contains about 6,000 pottery figurines and horses as big as real horses. Pit No. 2 is the "Left Army" and contains more than 1,300 pottery figurines and horses, as well as chariots. 89 vehicles. It is a mixed formation composed of infantry, cavalry, and chariots. It is also the essence of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit. Pit No. 3 has 68 warrior figurines, 1 chariot, and 4 pottery horses. The headquarters that commands the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin's army formation. In 1980, a large bronze chariot and two horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Arousing shock and attention from all over the world, these pottery figurines and horses organized according to the military formations at that time provided vivid physical data for the study of the Qin Dynasty's military organization, combat methods, and cavalry and infantry equipment. The discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses has been hailed as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the twentieth century." The realistic techniques of Qin Terracotta Warriors have attracted world attention as an art that connects the past and the future in the history of Chinese sculpture. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum has been established in pits 1, 2 and 3 and is open to the public.
The Eighth Wonder of the World
The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is one of the largest, most unique and richest imperial mausoleums in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are valuable treasures of human culture in the world, comparable to the Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and their discovery itself is China's most spectacular archaeological achievement in the 20th century. They fully demonstrate the ingenious artistic talents of the Chinese people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Former French President Chirac praised it as the "eighth wonder of the world", making the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang known to more people. The crown of world cultural heritage adds even more luster to the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. Cemetery Project
"The King of Qin swept Liuhe, how majestic the tiger looked, and punished 700,000 people, rising from the soil and mountains."
This popular poem came from the pen of the great poet Li Bai, and it eulogized Qin Shihuang's brilliant achievements describe the grandeur of the Lishan Tomb project. Indeed, the mausoleum project is unprecedented in its scale, number of workers, and duration.
The construction of the cemetery project accompanied Qin Shihuang’s political career throughout his life. When he first ascended the throne of king at the age of 13, the construction of the cemetery began. Qin Shihuang was not the first emperor to build mausoleums during his lifetime. As early as the Warring States Period, it had become a common practice for princes and kings to build tombs during their lifetimes. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Shou Mausoleum was built in the fifteenth year", and the mausoleum of King Zhongshan in Pingshan County was also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang just advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum during his lifetime to the early stage of his accession to the throne. This was a slight improvement of Qin Shihuang. The construction of the cemetery took 39 years and was not completed until the death of Qin Shihuang. The second emperor Hu Hai succeeded to the throne, and it took more than a year to complete the construction.
Senior military officials
Senior military officials, commonly known as generals, are very few in the Qin Terracotta Warriors pit, with less than ten pieces unearthed. They are divided into There are two types of figurines of generals in military robes and figurines of generals in armor. Their common features are that they wear a crown, are tall and burly, have an outstanding temperament, and have the demeanor of a general. The generals in battle robes are plainly dressed but decorated with rosettes on their chests, while the chests, backs and shoulders of the generals in armor are decorated with eight colorful rosettes, which are gorgeous, colorful and elegant, highlighting their rank and status. , and prestige in the military.
Chariot Warriors
Chariot warriors are the soldiers on the chariot except for the charioteer (driver). Generally, there are two chariot warriors on the chariot, namely the figurine on the left side of the chariot and the figurine on the right side of the chariot. The figurine on the left side of the car is wearing a long jacket, armor, shin guards, and a midriff on the head. His left hand is holding a spear, a spear, a halberd and other long weapons, and his right hand is in the shape of pressing a car. The costumes of the figures on the right side of the car are the same as those on the left side of the car, but their postures are opposite. They are all the main force in chariot combat, but according to literature, they have certain differences in weapon configuration and combat responsibilities. Judging from the weapons found around the chariot remains in the Qin Terracotta Warriors Pit, both the left and right chariots on the Qin Dynasty chariots were holding long fighting weapons such as daggers and spears, as well as long-distance weapons such as bows and crossbows, indicating that the left and right chariots on the chariots of the Qin Dynasty were The division of labor is not very clear. On the chariot, in addition to the spear handlers and figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there were also figurines of military officials who commanded the battle. Military officials are divided into high and low levels, and they are responsible for combat command.
The standing archer figurines
The standing archer figurines are a relatively special type of soldiers among the Qin terracotta warriors. They were unearthed in the east of Pit No. 2. Their weapons are crossbows, and they form a crossbow unit together with the kneeling archer figurines. Military formation. The standing archer figurine is located at the front of the formation. It is dressed in a light battle robe, with its hair tied in a bun, a leather belt around its waist, and square shoes with pointed tips on its feet. The attire is light and flexible. This posture is just like what is recorded in "Wu Yue Chun Qiu": "The way of shooting is to use the left foot vertically and the right foot horizontally. The left hand is like supporting a branch and the right hand is like holding a child. This is the way to hold a crossbow." The gestures of the standing shooting figurines are consistent with the literature records. It shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a very high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized patterns, which have been inherited by later generations.
Kneeling Shooting Figures
The Kneeling Shooting Figures, like the Standing Shooting Figures, were unearthed in the east of Pit No. 2. Their weapons were crossbows, and together with the Standing Shooting Figures they formed a crossbow formation. The standing archer figurines are located on the outside of the array, while the kneeling archer figurines are located in the center of the array. The kneeling archer figurine is wearing a war robe and armor, with a bun on the left side of his head, his feet on the square foot, his head raised, his left leg bent, his right knee on the ground, his upper body slightly turned to the left, his hands on his body The right side holds the bow up and down, showing an individual soldier's training action of holding a bow. Among the sculptural art of kneeling archer figurines, one thing is very valuable, and that is their soles. The dense and dense stitches are carefully carved by craftsmen, reflecting the extremely strict spirit of realism, allowing future generations of viewers to learn from the warriors of the Qin Dynasty. I feel a very strong breath of life.
Samurai Warriors
Warrior warriors are ordinary soldiers. As the main body of military formations, they are the largest number unearthed in Qin Terracotta Pit. They can be divided into two categories according to their clothing, namely battle robes. Samurai and armored warriors. As the main combat force, they are distributed throughout the military formation. Most of the warrior figurines in battle robes are distributed on the outside of the formation and are flexible; while the warrior figurines in armor are distributed in the formation. Both types of warriors hold practical weapons, have a high-spirited temperament, and display movement in silence.
Military figurines
The status of military figurines is lower than that of generals, and they are divided into intermediate and lower levels. Judging from the appearance, they wear a double long crown or a single long crown, and there are several different forms of armor. In addition to being different in clothing from the generals, the military warriors are also slightly different in spirit. The military warriors are generally not as plump and tall as the generals, but overall they are taller, with broad shoulders, standing tall and solemn. It shows more that they are diligent in thinking and brave and capable.
Cavalry figurines
There are 116 cavalry figurines unearthed from Pit No. 2, and they were mostly used in surprise attacks during wartime. Due to the special nature of the arms, the uniforms of cavalry are obviously different from those of infantry and chariot soldiers. They wear small round hats on their heads, tight-sleeved tops with the right lapel folded over the chest, tight-fitting trousers, short boots, short and small armor, and no shawls on their shoulders. Arms, hands without armor. The clothes are short and light, and he holds a horse in one hand and a bow in the other. From this special attire, we can clearly see that starting from ancient cavalry tactics, the knight's agility is a basic requirement. The image of the cavalry unearthed in No. 2 Square is the earliest cavalry object discovered in the archaeological history of my country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for studying the cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.
Chariot warriors
The chariot warriors were unearthed from the three figurine pits. They wore long jackets and armor, with arm armor reaching as long as their wrists. , there are gauntlets on the hands, leggings on the shins, a collar around the neck, a scarf and a long crown on the head, and the arms are raised in front of the driver in a driving posture pulling the bridle. Since chariots were extremely lethal in ancient wars, the position of the driver in ancient wars, especially chariot battles, was particularly important, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.
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