I. Increase in fixed assets
There are many ways to increase fixed assets, such as self-made, outsourcing, financing lease-in, non-monetary assets:), accepting donations, etc. Among them, we should pay attention to self-control and financing lease. Self-made fixed assets involve the use of raw materials and products of enterprises, and the treatment of taxes and fees is an important treatment that needs to be considered in the current turnover tax. However, with the revision of the new turnover tax regulations, there may be different ways to deal with it. Because there are no new textbooks at present, here is just to remind everyone to pay attention to this; The treatment of financing leased fixed assets involves amortization by the effective interest method.
1. The self-made fixed assets and related taxes and fees involved in the current turnover tax regulations generally need to be processed from input to output for the recipients of the purchased products of this enterprise, but do not need to be processed for the recipients of purchased engineering materials, because the engineering materials are accounted for according to the cost of purchased materials and VAT input. The entries are as follows:
Borrow: Construction in progress.
Loan: engineering materials
raw material
Taxes payable-VAT payable (input and output) (raw materials are used for input and output of non-taxable items) (according to the turnover tax regulations to be implemented next year, this transfer may not be needed)
Inventory goods (self-produced and commissioned processing)
Taxes payable-VAT payable (output tax) (self-produced products entrusted for processing are regarded as sales)) (according to the turnover tax regulations implemented next year, this transfer is not required)
Taxes payable-consumption tax payable (taxable consumer goods are regarded as sales)
Salary payable to employees (wages and welfare payable)
2. Financial leasing of fixed assets involves the confirmation of the recorded value of fixed assets: the minimum lease payment = the amount payable by the lessee+the residual guarantee value of the lessee or the relevant third party, and the present value of the minimum lease payment = rent × annuity present value coefficient+residual guarantee value × compound interest present value coefficient, which is recorded according to the lower of the present value and fair value of fixed assets:
Borrow: Construction in progress.
Unconfirmed financing expenses
Loan: Long-term payable-minimum lease payment
Borrow: Construction in progress.
Loan: unconfirmed financing expenses.
3. Accepting donated fixed assets: Accepting donated fixed assets requires distinguishing the value of fixed assets. Donations should recognize non-operating income, and fixed assets with small value should be fully included in the taxable income of the current period; If the value is large, it shall be included in the taxable income in five years, and the deferred income tax liabilities shall be recognized in the current period:
Borrow: fixed assets a
Credit: non-operating income a
Debit: A× 4/5× 25% income tax expense.
Loan: A× 4/5× 25% of deferred income tax liabilities.
4. Non-monetary assets:): Non-monetary assets:) The recorded value of the acquired fixed assets needs to be confirmed according to the following information:
For commercial entities: the recorded value of the transferred fixed assets = the fair value of the transferred assets+relevant taxes and fees paid-deductible input+premium paid-premium received.
Non-commercial conditions: book value of transferred fixed assets = book value of transferred assets+related taxes and fees paid-deductible input+premium paid-premium received.
Among them, commercial non-monetary assets need to be recognized as a whole:) profit and loss: the difference between the fair value of the exchanged assets and the exchanged assets is recognized as non-monetary assets:) profit and loss; In addition, the difference between the fair value and the book value of a single asset should be recognized as the profit and loss of a single asset: in the case of inventory exchange, the main business income and the cost of carrying forward the main business should be recognized, and the raw materials should recognize other business income and carry forward other business costs. If it is an exchange of financial assets, it is necessary to confirm the investment income. If it is necessary to exchange fixed assets and intangible assets, it is recognized as non-operating income and expenditure.
Borrow: fixed assets
Loan: income from main business
other operating income
Liquidation of fixed assets
Taxes payable-VAT payable (output tax)
Non-operating income-gains and losses from disposal of non-monetary assets
Non-operating income-non-monetary assets:) disposal gains and losses
Borrow: business tax and surcharges
Loan: taxes payable-consumption tax payable
Taxes payable-business tax payable (excluding business tax incurred in clearing fixed assets)
Taxes payable-resources payable
If it is not commercial, it is necessary to confirm the in-price taxes such as business tax and consumption tax as "paid related taxes" at this time, and carry forward the inventory according to the book value, and do not confirm the gains and losses of individual assets and overall non-monetary assets:
Borrow: fixed assets
Loans: Goods in stock
raw material
Liquidation of fixed assets
Taxes payable-VAT payable
Taxes payable-business tax payable
Taxes payable-resources payable
Taxes payable-consumption tax payable
Second, the fixed assets follow-up expenditure processing
1, fixed assets renovation costs are generally capitalized and included in the original value of fixed assets. First of all, fixed assets should be transferred to projects under construction. Then the subsequent capitalized expenditure can refer to the treatment of self-made fixed assets, as well as the taxes and fees involved, whether to recognize income, etc. Must be clear.
It should be noted here that the book value after renovation cannot exceed the recoverable amount of fixed assets, and the part above the recoverable amount should be recognized as the current profit and loss, that is, the impairment loss of assets should be recognized. What needs attention here is the rented fixed assets. Decoration expenses should be accounted as "long-term deferred expenses" without fixed assets accounting, and then amortized according to the proportion and progress of rent payment during the lease period.
Borrow: Construction in progress.
Impairment of fixed assets
accumulated depreciation
Loans: fixed assets
Borrow: Construction in progress.
Loan: engineering materials
raw material
Taxes payable-VAT payable (input and output) (raw materials are used for input and output of non-taxable items) (according to the turnover tax regulations to be implemented next year, this transfer may not be needed)
Inventory goods (self-produced and commissioned processing)
Taxes payable-VAT payable (output tax) (self-produced products entrusted for processing are regarded as sales) (according to the turnover tax regulations implemented next year, this transfer may not be needed).
Taxes payable-consumption tax payable (taxable consumer goods are regarded as sales)
Salary payable to employees (wages and welfare payable)
If the value of construction in progress is lower than the recoverable amount of fixed assets, it shall be accounted for according to the actual cost; If the book value of fixed assets is higher than its recoverable amount, the asset impairment loss of the above part shall be recognized:
Borrow: fixed assets
asset impairment loss
Loan: Construction in progress.
Among them, the renovation cost of fixed assets leased from operation should be accounted for through long-term deferred expenses, and the book value of fixed assets leased from operation should not be increased. Related expenses, taxes, etc. What happens in the process of renovation shall be treated with reference to self-made fixed assets. Only when the construction in progress is finally carried forward will it be carried forward to the long-term prepaid expense account.
Borrow: Long-term deferred expenses-expenditure on improvement of fixed assets leased from operation.
Loan: Construction in progress.
2. Expenditure for updating fixed assets. Spending on the renovation of fixed assets shall be accounted for in a separate detailed account named "renovation of fixed assets" under the fixed assets account. In the short period between the two renewal periods and the service life of fixed assets, depreciation shall be separately accrued by reasonable methods. If there is still a balance in the detailed subject of "Fixed Assets Decoration" related to fixed assets at the next renovation, the balance should be included in the current non-operating expenses at one time. The so-called capitalization condition is that the capitalized amount cannot exceed the recoverable amount of fixed assets, and the excess cannot be capitalized.
Similarly, the renovation expenses incurred in operating leased fixed assets should also be recognized as long-term deferred expenses accounting.
3. The repair costs of fixed assets are all treated as current profits and losses. Included in management expenses or sales expenses. For the sales part of the fixed assets repair costs should be included in the sales expenses, other fixed assets repair costs included in the management expenses. This treatment has changed a lot from the previous treatment, which is easy to understand. For example, the repair cost of fixed assets for production can be included in the current manufacturing cost first, and then in the product cost. It should be said that the previous treatment paid more attention to the matching principle, and it was easy to understand from the treatment. The handling of new standards actually simplifies the handling of maintenance costs.
4. There is no capitalization problem for subsequent expenditures of intangible assets, and all of them are treated as current profits and losses, which is relatively simple to handle.
3. Accounting treatment of capitalization of self-developed intangible assets, differences in subsequent measurement of fixed assets and intangible assets, and differences in depreciation and amortization:
1. For the self-developed intangible assets, the treatment involved can refer to the treatment of fixed assets increase, and the related taxes involved are basically the same. The reason why we pay special attention to the self-developed intangible assets is that the self-developed intangible assets contain many important issues involved in intangible assets. Including the disposal of recovered inventory, deferred income tax treatment of intangible assets and subsequent treatment of intangible assets. It should be said that mastering the handling of self-created intangible assets can basically be handled in the chapter on mastering intangible assets.
In February 2007, Company A began to develop a new technology. The consulting fee, material fee, salary and welfare fee incurred in the R&D process totaled 6,543,800 yuan. In June 2007, the technology was successfully developed, and Company A applied for a patent from the relevant state departments, which was approved on July 1 2007. A company incurred * * * 200,000 yuan in the process of applying for a patent, such as registration fee and lawyer's fee.
Company A included the above-mentioned expenses of 6,543,800 yuan in the R&D expenditure (not amortized before obtaining the patent right), and converted them into the recorded value of intangible assets (patent right) together with the related expenses of 200,000 yuan in the process of patent application on July 654,38+0, 2007. The patent right is amortized by the straight-line method.
Upon examination, of the above-mentioned R&D expenditure of 6,543,800 yuan, 200,000 yuan belongs to the research stage expenditure and 800,000 yuan belongs to the development stage expenditure that meets the recognition conditions of intangible assets.
The patent right is five years from the date when it can be used to the date when it is no longer recognized as intangible assets.
Suppose that consulting fees, material fees, wages and welfare expenses (excluding related expenses in the process of patent application) and the value of intangible assets (patents) amortized in the current period incurred by Company A during the research and development of the above patented technology are allowed to be deducted when calculating taxable income.
In this problem, the book value of intangible assets should have been 80, but it is actually 100, so the over-confirmed part is actually an accounting error, so it is necessary to reduce intangible assets and increase amortization. Because research expenses are allowed to be charged as management expenses, the profit and loss of previous years are adjusted. Then adjust the amortized part of accumulated amortization = 20 ÷ 5× 6/ 12 = 2.
Debit: profit and loss adjustment of previous years (management fee adjustment) 20
Loans: intangible assets 20
Debit: accumulated amortization 2
Credit: profit and loss adjustment of previous years (management fee adjustment) 2
Because the research expenses of intangible assets are allowed to be deducted before tax and have been amortized by 2, the amount to be deducted is 18. Because this part is an accounting error and does not belong to the difference between accounting and tax law, we only need to adjust the accounting profit: reduce 18, which is to adjust the accounting profit according to the normal method and does not belong to tax adjustment.
2. There are some differences and connections between the follow-up measurement of fixed assets and intangible assets. The choice of depreciation and amortization policy is related to the realization of future economic benefits. If the way to realize economic benefits cannot be reasonably determined, the straight-line method is generally used to accrue depreciation and amortization. Among them, the depreciation period of fixed assets follows the method of "excluding the increase in the current month, but still withdrawing the decrease in the current month"; The amortization period of intangible assets is basically the policy of "increasing amortization in the current month and reducing amortization in the current month". Basically, the depreciation period of fixed assets is one month later than that of fixed assets.
3. There is also the disposal of fixed assets. The estimated abandonment expenses need to be discounted to the book value of fixed assets after the current period, and then the financial expenses are confirmed to increase the book value of the estimated liabilities in each period.
Borrow: fixed assets
Loans: estimated liabilities
Debit: financial expenses
Loans: estimated liabilities
The reason for recognizing this estimated liability is that the current obligation is likely to be assumed in the future. Discounted value reflects the concept of "current obligation" and can be measured reliably. The estimated liabilities are depreciated and amortized according to the original value of fixed assets.
4. Fixed assets inventory surplus is treated as a previous error and adjusted through previous annual profit and loss. Inventory profit is an adjustment of current profit and loss, not a previous error.
Borrow: fixed assets
Loan: adjustment of profit and loss in previous years-adjustment of non-operating income
Borrow: inventory
Loan: management fee (the part of management fee borne by the transition of profit and loss of the property to be processed)
The disposal of inventory loss of fixed assets is basically the same as that of inventory gain and inventory loss, and the non-operating income and expenditure of the current period can be adjusted through the disposal of pending property gain and loss accounts.
5. Amortization of land use rights needs attention. No matter which department uses the land, it must be charged management fees.
4. Impairment of fixed assets
Fixed assets are subject to asset impairment criteria, and the confirmed impairment cannot be reversed in future periods. What should be paid attention to in the impairment of fixed assets is the determination of recoverable amount: the higher of the amount after deducting disposal expenses at fair value and the present value of future cash flows is taken as the recoverable amount. The part whose book value is higher than the recoverable amount is recognized as impairment, and the part whose book value is lower than the recoverable amount is not recorded, and the accrued impairment is not reversed. Intangible assets also have asset impairment criteria, and the principle of dealing with intangible assets can basically follow the principle of dealing with fixed assets.
It should be noted that after the impairment of fixed assets and intangible assets is confirmed, it should be depreciated and amortized in future years according to the new book value after the impairment is confirmed.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Disposal of fixed assets
The disposal of fixed assets must be accounted for by the account of "fixed assets clearing", and the related taxes and fees incurred are also accounted for by this account, such as business tax, which is generated as a non-operating activity and is not handled by the account of "business tax and surcharges". Intangible assets can be directly disposed of through non-operating income and expenditure accounts. It should be noted that the relevant taxes and accumulated amortization accounts incurred in the resale of intangible assets directly offset the non-operating income, and are not treated as non-operating taxes and additional treatment.
When dealing with fixed assets, we should pay attention to the treatment of holding fixed assets for sale. Depreciation and impairment tests are no longer calculated for fixed assets held for sale, but the estimated net salvage value should be adjusted. The net salvage value here refers to the recoverable amount. The book value of fixed assets for sale should be adjusted to the recoverable amount, and the part with the original book value higher than the recoverable amount should be recognized as impairment loss. The part less than will not be adjusted.