Robert hooke (1635— 1703) is a famous British physicist and biologist.
Hook was born on July 1635 in a pastor's family in Freche Water Village, Isle of Wight. When he was young, he often had headaches and dropped out of school. When he was a child, he liked to play with clocks and mechanical toys, and he developed a pair of skillful hands. 1648, Hook's father died, and Busby, the headmaster of Westminster Middle School, took him in. There, he studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew and mathematics, and also learned to play the organ. 1653, after graduating from Westminster Middle School, Hook moved to Oxford and became a member of the choir of the Christian church.
1655, Hook became Willis' assistant and later Boyle's assistant. 1660, Oxford academic group moved to London. 1662, officially named the Royal Society, and Hook was appointed as the experimental administrator of the Society. 1663 received a master's degree in literature from Oxford University and was elected as a member of the Royal Society. 1664, Lecturer in Mechanics, Gresham College, Curator of Treasures Museum of Royal Society. 1665, he was a professor of geometry at Gresham College. 1666, after the London fire, he supervised the reconstruction of London as a surveyor. He is the secretary of the Royal Society.
Boyle, one of the discoverers of Edm Edme Mariotte's law, was Hooke's employer. Hook improved the air pump used in Boyle's research, which made Boyle successful. 1662, Boyle published Boyle's law about air pressure, which condensed Hooke's wisdom.
1658, Hooke proposed that objects can vibrate by elasticity instead of gravity, that is, installing a spring on the shaft of the balance wheel can drive the balance wheel instead of gravity, which is the basic principle of modern clock design. According to this principle, the nautical hour hand for determining longitude did not appear until18th century. 1660, Hook applied for a patent for this, but later withdrew the application.
From 65438 to 0662, Hooke served as the experimental administrator of the Royal Society, which fully demonstrated his intelligence. He will provide three or four meaningful experiments for the weekly meeting, and at the same time, he must carry out experimental verification on the ideas put forward by members at any time.
From 65438 to 0665, robert hooke designed a microscope with quite complicated structure according to the information provided by a member. Once, he cut off a cork and observed it under a homemade microscope. He found that the cork was made up of many small rooms, which were separated by walls, just like a honeycomb. Hook named such a small room "cell". In fact, cork is composed of dead cells, only cell wall, no protoplasm.
In 1665, Hooke also published the Microscopic Atlas through microscopic observation of a large number of minerals, plants and animals, which provided people with a lot of little-known microscopic picture information, involving chemistry, physics, geology and biology. Hooke also pointed out that heat is the result of the mechanical movement of material particles, all materials will expand when heated, and air is composed of particles separated from each other. These results have been confirmed by later generations. Hooke invented the wheel barometer, which is an instrument to record pressure by rotating the pointer around an axis. In addition, his climate clock can record pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity and wind speed on the same drum, so some people call him the founder of scientific meteorology.
1666, a fire broke out in London and destroyed many buildings. Hook proposed to rebuild London in the form of a rectangle. Although this plan was not adopted, it was appreciated by the London City Council and was appointed as one of the three surveyors responsible for the reconstruction of London. The year 10 after becoming a surveyor is the peak of Hooke's scientific creation. During this period, he not only successfully completed the work of surveyor, but also achieved fruitful scientific research results. 1679, Hooke's other important work came out after Microatlas, which was a set of six series of works published by Hooke in the 1970s of 17 and named Cutler's Lectures.
In The Speech Collection, there are at least two important discoveries. One is Hooke's law of elasticity named after Hooke, that is, "how much elongation there is, how much force there is", that is, within the elastic limit, the elasticity of the spring is directly proportional to the elongation of the spring; Secondly, through the study of simple harmonic vibration, he put forward that "the force that makes an object move is proportional to the square of its velocity."
In Lectures, Hooke put forward three basic hypotheses about mechanics by observing things. First, all celestial bodies tend to many fields. This book is the first monograph on microscopic pictures, and it is also one of the important documents in the field of natural science in the17th century. Hook pointed out in his book that the microscope will be of great use in biological research.
Hook is a skilled experimenter. In addition to improving the structure of the air pump and clock, he also made a microscope and improved the telescope. People call Hooke the greatest inventor and designer of scientific instruments in17th century. In addition, his contribution to astronomy is particularly valuable. Hook first installed a crosshair sight, a variable grating and an adjustment knob that can directly read the telescope's orientation. He was the first person to make Gregor reflecting telescope. With this telescope, in 1664, he discovered the fifth star of Orion, and was the first person to propose that Jupiter rotates around its axis. He also made a detailed observation and description of Mars, and took this achievement as the basis for determining the rotation speed of Mars in the19th century, affirming his work in astronomy.
Hook also recorded his research on optics in macro photography. He observed the color in thin and transparent films such as mica, soap bubbles and air layer between glass sheets, and found that the color changed periodically and the spectrum repeated with the increase of film thickness. In order to explain this phenomenon, he put forward the wave theory of light. 1672, he discovered the diffraction phenomenon again and explained it with the wave theory of light. Hooke was one of the earliest advocates of the wave theory of light.
Hooke made contributions to heat and meteorology. Together with Huygens, he came to the conclusion that the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water are fixed under normal pressure, and proposed that the freezing temperature of water should be zero degrees of thermometer, that is, zero degrees Celsius. Hu Xin gravity or universal gravitation, these celestial bodies not only attract their own parts to the center, so that these parts will not fly away from them, but also attract other celestial bodies within the range of activities, just like the earth we see. Second, all celestial bodies keep moving in a straight line before being subjected to other forces that make them tilt, and after being subjected to such forces, their movements will bend into circles, ellipses or other more complicated curves. Third, the closer to the attraction center, the greater the attraction. Hooke's second hypothesis is revolutionary. Because at that time, many scholars, including Newton, thought that circular motion was inertial motion as well as linear motion. Hook's point of view forced them to look at the problem from another angle. Hooke's first and third hypotheses are about gravity. 1679, Hooke further pointed out in his letter to Newton that the change of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of distance, thus making a contribution to Newton's law of universal gravitation. However, due to Hooke's limited mathematical analysis ability, most of his views were based on his keen insight and intuition, and there was no strong proof, so many problems about mechanics were finally solved by the great scientist Newton.
Hooke not only made great contributions in biology, astronomy, meteorology, heat and mechanics, but also made in-depth research in geology and crystallography. In Hooke's time, geology was an undeveloped field. Hooke collected descriptions of observing a large number of minerals as early as in microfacies, and later, his research results in geology were collected in his posthumous "Earthquake Lectures and Lectures". Regarding the origin of fossils, Hooke pointed out that "stones with figures", that is, fossils, should be divided into two categories: one is fossils with biological figures; The other is a non-biological model fossil. The origins of these two fossils are different, so we can't generalize. Fossils with biological patterns are the remains of ancient creatures. Fossils of marine life were found on land far from the ocean. He believes that the earth's surface has undergone dramatic uplift and changes, turning the original ocean into land. As for some creatures that don't exist today, they can be found in fossils. He thinks this is the result of species variation. Although Hooke's view is superficial, it undoubtedly embodies the thought of catastrophe and evolution. His theories of catastrophe and evolution were more than 100 years earlier than Zhu Ye Wei and Lamarck. In the microscopic study of fossils with abiotic patterns, Hooke found that the polygonal shape of crystals had certain rules. Three years later, Stena put forward the law of conservation of crystal interface angle. Hooke's research achievement is undoubtedly the pioneer of the law of conservation of interface angle, so he was once called the originator of crystallography.
Hooke didn't get a high degree or a prominent position, but he got rich returns in the long-term experimental research, which made us realize more clearly that as long as we work hard, we can achieve excellent results regardless of our career or status. After 360 lines, we will be the number one scholar.
Hooke's experience also reminds us that knowledge is important, and it is precisely because his knowledge base is not deep that he can't study deeply. Hook's work in mechanics fully proves this point. But Hooke's contribution to science is enormous. He deserves to be a great physicist and biologist.