1. Tongjiazi. In ancient poetry, we will find a small number of Tongjia characters, and these characters should be read with the old pronunciation of Tongjia characters. For example:
See: "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain" (see "Chinese Garden 6" of the People's Education Edition Curriculum Standard Experimental Textbook "Over time".
Note: "Sixia" means the second volume of the fourth grade, selected from the curriculum standard experimental textbook of the People's Education Press, the same below); "The wind blows the grass and the cows and sheep are seen" (Northern Dynasty folk song "Chile Song"); the old saying "Read a hundred times, Its righteousness will manifest itself." The words "jian" in the above sentences are all connected with "xian", which means "appearing, revealing", so it is read as "xiàn", not "iiàn". The word "see" in the titles of "What I See" (Lesson 13, Chapter 1) and "What I See in the Night Book" (Lesson 3, Chapter 9), "You will know the pines and cypresses when the weather is cold, and you will see the true love in times of adversity" ("Chinese Garden 7", Chapter 3) "Over time, we will ") and the "see" in "Seeing the Autumn Wind in Luoyang City" in Zhang Ji's "Autumn Thoughts" (Lesson 5, Lesson 5) both mean "see" and do not mean "appear". They are not pseudonyms. Therefore, instead of reading "xiàn", you should read "jiàn".
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Chai: The word "Chai" in Wang Wei's "Lu Chai" is Tongjia. In ancient times, "Chai" refers to a village with a fence, and also refers to a place where troops camped on the mountain and were demarcated by trees. Certain areas fall into place. In the title of this poem, "Luchai" is a place name, and "Chai" refers to "Zhai", so it should be read as "zhài" instead of "chái". The word "Chai" in "Chaimen hears dogs barking, and people return on a snowy night" is not a pseudo character, so it is read as "chái".
2. The pronunciation of the name of Cipai is "." Patent", so we can only respect the pronunciation of the ancients. For example:
Bu: "Bu" in "Bu Suanzi Yong Mei" (Wu Shang "Review and Expansion Eight" "Accumulate over time") is pronounced "bǔ" ". Because, when reading "bǔ", it has many meanings, one of which refers to "estimate, prediction", while reading "bo" is only used for the word "radish". "Bu Suan" is a synonymous binding word, It means "estimate, predict", and the "zi" here is a good name for men in ancient times. King Luo Bin of the Tang Dynasty liked to use numbers when he wrote poems. Everyone called him "Bu Suanzi", and later the name of his poem was "Bu Suanzi".
Music: "Qing Ping Le" in the title of "Qing Ping Le·Village Residence" (Volume 5, Lesson 5) is named after the two tunes "Qing Le" and "Ping Le" of Han Yuefu. Therefore, "乐" is pronounced as "yuē", not "lZhai"
3. In ancient poems, some two monosyllable words are connected together, which is very similar to modern Chinese. Two-syllable words, the most typical ones are "wife" and "clothes" in "Wen Guanjun Takes Henan and Hebei"
In modern Chinese, these are two two-syllable words, "wife". The last words of "Yi Shang", "子" and "Shang", should be pronounced softly. However, in ancient times, "wife" meant "wife" and "children"; "Yi Shang" also had the meaning of "upper garment and lower garment" in ancient times. "" refers to clothing worn on the upper body, and "Shang" refers to clothing worn on the lower body, similar to today's culottes, which can be worn by both men and women. Therefore, "子" and "裳" in this poem cannot be used as single-syllable words. If it is pronounced softly, it should be pronounced as " gangrene " and "cháng'' respectively.
The "子" in "Bu Suanzi" in the above example is also a monosyllabic word, which is a good name for men in ancient times. Therefore, it cannot be read softly like the suffix at the end of modern Chinese words, and should also be read as "Zǐ" ".
In addition, pay attention to the pronunciation of repeated words.
"Spring Dawn" (Lesson 1, Lesson 1, 4) "I hear birds singing everywhere", "Little Pond" (Lesson 1, Lesson 3), "The little lotus has just revealed its sharp corners", and "Grass" (Lesson 2, Lesson 2) "Living away" Leave the original grass" and "The fence is sparse and one path deep" in "Xugongdian, Suxin City" (Lesson 2, Lesson 2), and "Xiao Xiaowu leaves" in "What I Saw at Night" (Lesson 3, Lesson 9) "Sending cold sounds", "There is a dense gap before leaving, I am afraid of returning late" in "Wandering Ziyin" (Sanxia "Chinese Garden Five" "accumulating over time"), there are overlapping words in these sentences. When reading ancient poems aloud, the second character of the overlapping words should not be read softly like modern Chinese, but should be read with the original pronunciation. Because some of them express meaning individually, and some play the role of repetition and emphasis, and in the five-rhythm or seven-rhythm ancient poems, the number of words in each sentence is equal, and the reading is quite rhythmic. If the repeated words are weakened and read too lightly, it may cause confusion. It feels like one word is missing. Therefore, when repeating the second word, it is generally not necessary to weaken the pronunciation of the word, but to read the original pronunciation of the word.
2. "Special characters" from now on
In ancient poetry, we will encounter some special characters. These characters had old pronunciations in ancient times, but no longer have them in modern times. This is an old pronunciation, or these words should have a certain old pronunciation according to ancient rhythmic rules, but this old pronunciation cannot be found in the modern Chinese standard pronunciation. At this time, we should read it according to today's modern Chinese standard pronunciation. We know that although ancient poetry pays attention to phonological rhythm, there was no strict and complete phonetic notation system like the current Chinese Pinyin at that time. Therefore, it is very complicated to study the pronunciation of many words, and some of them can no longer accurately check their pronunciation. When encountering such special circumstances, we should unify to the current standards of standardized pronunciation, which will make teaching easier. For example, in the teaching of ancient poetry in primary schools, the controversy over the pronunciation of the word "Xie" is a typical manifestation of this kind of problem.
"Xie": "Xie" in "Xie on the stone path of the distant Hanshan Mountain" in "Mountain Travel" (Lesson 2, Part 4). According to ancient rhythm, the last word of the second and fourth sentences in the poem is "home" "花" has both "a" and "a" in its rhymes and vowels. Therefore, the last word "Xie" in the first sentence should rhyme with this rhyme, and its rhyme belly should also be "a". However, in modern Chinese, "Xie" no longer has the sound "xiá", so the word has to follow today's pronunciation and be pronounced "xié". The "Xie" in the sentence "Qingshanguo Waixie" in "Passing the Old Friend's Village" ("Accumulate over time and over time" in "Chinese Garden Six" on the fourth chapter) is also pronounced as "xié" for the same reason. Also, in "The slanting wind and drizzle do not need to return" (Lesson 23 of the Fourth Class "Yu Gezi"), "Xie" must also be pronounced as "xié". If we insist on reading "Xie" in the sentence as "xiá" That would seem too awkward.
3. The meaning of polyphonic words
In the analysis of mispronunciation in the teaching of ancient poetry in primary schools, in addition to encountering the trouble of old pronunciation, we also encounter the most confusing pronunciation. It is a polyphonic character. When encountering a polyphonic word, we have to judge what pronunciation it should be based on the meaning of the word. For example:
Tiao: In "What You See in the Night Book" (Lesson 3, Lesson 9), "I know there are children who pick and promote weaving", the word "tiao" has two pronunciations: "tiāo" and "tiǎo''. "Tiao" "Pronounce "tiǎo" when referring to the meaning of "to stir up" or "to stir up". This poem means that children use bamboo sticks to stir up the soil and look for crickets in the ground. Therefore, in this sentence, the word "pick" is read "tiǎo" is reasonable.
Heavy: The word "heavy" in "Looking at the red and wet place at dawn, the flowers are heavy in Jinguancheng" by Du Fu is the polyphonic word for "flower heavy". It reflects the "red and heavy" red state of the flowers after the spring rain, so the word "important" here should be read as "zhòng" and not "chóng''. In Zhang Ji's "Autumn Thoughts", "The writer wants to write with ten thousand layers of meaning", which means that the letters home want to express many, many meanings. "Wan Zhong" means "many layers"; Wang Anshi's "There are many willows in the south and north of the water," The word "plum everywhere in front of the mountain and behind the mountain" ("accumulated over time and over time" in Mikami's "Chinese Garden 6") also means "many layers". Therefore, the word "weight" here should be read as "chóng'', not "zhòng'.
For: There is a sentence in Wang Anshi's "Plum Blossoms" "There is a secret fragrance coming". Some people think that the word "wei" here should be read in two tones, and some think that it should be read in four tones. Which one should be pronounced? How to pronounce it? "Wei" in this poem means "because", so it should be pronounced as "wèi", not "wéi". In addition, the word "number" in "Several plum blossoms in the corner" in this poem is also a polyphonic word. In this lesson, it refers to many plum blossoms, so it should be pronounced "shù" instead of "shǔ".
Ying: In Ye Shaoweng's "A Visit to the Garden Isn't Worth It", the pronunciation of the word "ying" in "Ying pity the clogs and the green moss" is also relatively confusing. Some pronounce it with one tone, and some pronounce it with four tones. The pronunciation of the word "ying" should also be determined based on the poetic meaning of the first two sentences. The first two sentences of the poem say that the owner probably cherished the moss and was worried that it would be broken by the teeth of visitors' wooden clogs. Therefore, although the guests knocked lightly in front of the firewood door for a long time, no one answered the door. Here, "should" is interpreted as "probably" or "should", which means speculation and ridicule. Therefore, this character should be pronounced as “yīng'', not “yìng''. The word "ying" in "The bright moon should know me, and we meet each other in a foreign land every year" ("Accumulation over time and over time" in Wushang's "Review and Expansion 2") has the same interpretation. And in "Children's Fishing" (Sanshang "Chinese Garden 1" "accumulation over time"), the "ying" in "fear of frightening the fish will not respond to people" means "response", so it is pronounced "yìng''.
Jian: The first sentence of "Bochuan Guazhou" (Lesson 5, Part 5) is "Jingkou Guazhou and one water room", in which "jian" means "interval", so it should be pronounced "jiàn". The word "huan" in "When will the bright moon shine on me return" in this poem is also a polyphonic word, which means "return to hometown, return to hometown", so it should be read as "huán"
Update: "Shang Xiangsi". 》 (Lesson 5, Lesson 5) The word "watch" in "The wind is blowing, the snow is blowing, my hometown dreams are shattered, there is no such sound in my hometown". Some versions mark it as one sound, and some mark it as four sounds. Which one is it? Which one is more appropriate? "Wind watch, snow watch" means a gust of wind followed by a blizzard, that is, wind and snow all night long, so "watch" here refers to the period of wind and snow, and should be read " gēng'' is appropriate. The other pronunciation of "geng" is "gèng'', which is the pronunciation when it means "more". In "Climbing the Stork Tower", the "geng" in "going to the next level" is an adverb, which means "more". , so you should read "gèng" at this time
Peel: "Peel" in "Qing Ping Le·Village Dwelling" f 5, lesson 5) "I like most when my children die, lying down at the head of the stream to peel off the lotus pods." There are two pronunciations. It is pronounced "bāo'' only when "removing the outer skin or shell", and "pee" here expresses this meaning exactly. Therefore, this "pee" is pronounced "bāo'' and cannot be pronounced As "bō".
Lu: The pronunciation of the word "lu" in "Little Lotus Shows Its Sharp Corners" in "Xiaochi" (Lesson 13) is also difficult to distinguish. Experts believe that "Lu" has the meaning of "appearance" in spoken and written languages. It should be read as "1ù" when used in monosyllabic words, polysyllabic words and idioms in written language, and "1ù" in polysyllabic words used in spoken language. lòu", there are only a few words used in spoken language to pronounce "1òu" when "showing one's whiteness, showing one's ugliness, showing one's bottom, showing one's richness, showing one's face, showing one's face, showing one's head, showing one's appearance, one's light, one's appearance, one's cowardice, one's stuffing, one hand, one's feet, leaking, revealing". ", and the others are pronounced "lù". The "lu" in "The little lotus reveals its sharp corners" is a monosyllabic word in written language, used as a verb alone, so it should be pronounced "lù".
Xing : How should we read "Xing" in "Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellaneous" (Lesson 23 of Four Seasons)? "Xing" means interest, so here we should read "xìng"
Ancient Poetry Teaching. The pronunciation problem of is very complicated. We need to look up more dictionaries and related materials, and learn to analyze and deal with it in specific language environments, so as to accurately grasp its pronunciation.