12. Example 6 of pseudonym on page 1078: "内" is borrowed as "Na", pronounced nà. ?〖HT〗
Note: Note [6] on page 187 is "away from the pass, no princes within" (Historical Records·Chen She Uprising): "away: the same as 'reject', resist, block. Nei (nà): The original word of "Na" means to accept and put in. "The word "Nei" is the original word of "Na", so how can it be used as "Na"?
Wang Li's "Homology Dictionary" includes "Neina". It can be seen that "Neina" is a group of cognate words, and there is an extended relationship between their meanings.
2. Inappropriate wording?
1. Explanation of "temporary" on page 88: In terms of expressing the time category, the ancient and modern meanings are related, but the specific scope has shifted. "Jiu" before the Han Dynasty meant suddenly or all of a sudden. ...Probably around the time of Xu Shen, the meaning of the word "Jiu" has
began to change, from suddenly and suddenly to "soon". This was the commonly used word for "Jiu" in the Middle Ages. significance. ...
After the Middle Ages, the meaning of "temporary" has undergone a new shift, that is, the current meaning of "temporary". "Temporary" is not only obviously different from "suddenly" and "all of a sudden", but also different from "short-term". "Temporary" refers to the future, such as "go out temporarily and come back in the future", while "short-term" only means that the time is short and does not include the meaning of doing something in the future. ?
Note: In addition to Guo Ben, there is also the editor-in-chief of Mr. Wang Li who made such a distinction between the "temporary" meaning and the "short-term" meaning of "Jiu". The 874th character in Wang Li's Frequently Used Words (12) is the character "Jiu", and the meaning (3) is "a short period of time". After quoting documentary evidence, he said: "Note: The modern Chinese word "Jiu" was developed from this, but the meaning is incomplete. Same. The modern word "temporary" means that it is like this for the time being, but it will not be like this in the future. The ancient word "temporary" means that the time is very short, and there is no meaning of comparison with the future. For example, today's "pause" means that it will continue in the future; the ancients said. "Pause" refers to stopping for a short period of time and does not mean that it will continue in the future. "The Commercial Press' "Old Chinese Common Dictionary" specially adds a "[note]" under the "temporary" item to remind people to pay attention to "temporary". The difference between ancient and modern times. However, in the excerpt excerpted by Guo's "Three Kingdoms·Hua Tuo", there is a statement in which Hua Tuo asked Cao Cao for leave: "When I get a letter from home, I want to return it temporarily." The note [6] on page 251 of the textbook corrects "temporary" as " temporary". This creates a contradiction: the annotations of the selected works and the explanation of the general theory are inconsistent. Is it annotated in the anthology, or is the general introduction wrong? The key to solving this problem is to see whether "temporary" means "compared with the future". ?
Judging from the context of this paragraph, Hua Tuo's request for leave must have the meaning of "returning to Cao Cao in the future". Otherwise, Cao Cao, who was "seriously ill", would never grant him leave; and later Hua Tuo "arrived home and said that his wife was ill and refused to turn back during the begging period." "Taizu was tired of writing letters and ordered the counties and counties to send dispatches." So that "Taizu was furious and sent people to examine him." prison". All this shows that the annotations in the anthology are correct and that the explanation of the general theory should be wrong. In other words, the modern Chinese meaning of "Jiu" exists in "Three Kingdoms". This example also illustrates the arduousness of research on the history of Chinese language. ?
2. On page 296, it explains "Gongshu Pan's nine plans to attack the city, and Zi Mozi's nine distances." Translate "Nine Designs" into "Nine Designs", and "Nine Steps" into "Resisted nine times. "?
Note: This translation is probably to facilitate the explanation of the difference between ancient and modern Chinese momentum representations, but it is best to add "many times" in parentheses after "nine times" to avoid mistakenly referring to imaginary numbers. Nine" is treated as a real number.?
3. Page 297: "The word 'is' in a judgment sentence is called a judgment word (also called a copula). It connects the subject and the predicate, and also helps express judgment.
"?
Press: "IS" connects the subject and the predicate, so what kind of sentence component does "IS" itself serve as? Or does it not serve as a sentence component? According to the "tentative system" of the 1950s, "IS" and the following nouns (or noun phrase) constitutes a composite predicate of judgment, "is" is part of the predicate; according to the "Outline of the Grammar System for Middle School Teaching" in the 1980s, "Beijing is the capital of our country", "Beijing" is the subject, and "is" is the judgment The verb serves as the predicate, and "...the capital" serves as the object. The editor may have been deeply influenced by ancient Chinese grammar, because the translation of this example sentence into classical Chinese is "Beijing, the capital of my country", and "the capital of my country" is exactly the same. Predicate. In this way, when analyzing "Beijing is the capital of our country", using the syntactic analysis model of ancient Chinese to analyze modern Chinese sentences, a mixture of ancient and modern Chinese grammar appears (Mr. Guo Xiliang said: The textbook uses Wang. Mr. Li's grammar system. The author believes that this issue also illustrates the necessity and urgency of establishing an ancient Chinese teaching grammar system. )?
4. Pages 311-312: "The 'Zai' of Ancient Chinese." It is a quantifier, usually refers to twice. By the Tang Dynasty, 'Zai' could specifically refer to 'the second time'."?
Note: There are two problems with this expression. The first question is, is "Zai" one word or two words? , it is also a combination word ("numerical word": numeral and quantifier) ??for one person and two duties. Judging from the examples of "one vigorous effort, then failure, three times exhausted", "Tian Ji failed to win once and won again", "Zai" and "Zai" are the same. When "one" and "three" are used side by side, there is no difference in terms of lexical meaning (both indicate number, and the meaning of "quantity" was added by translation into modern Chinese) and syntactic function (both are used as adverbials), so it is better to use them as numerals. ; If you consider that it only modifies verbs, not nouns, it can also be called "special numerals". Article 109 of "Zai" in the Common Words (2) edited by Mr. Wang Li: "Note: The ancients expressed the quantity of action. , from 'once' to 'ten times', general numbers are used, such as 'one big effort', 'think twice before acting', 'six out of Qishan', 'nine expeditions to the Central Plains', etc., except 'two' does not use 'two' , instead use 'Zai'. "However, Wang Liben defined the part of speech of "Zai" as an adverb, which we do not agree with, because adverbials are not a "patent" for adverbs. It is a convention in literary grammar to place numerals before verbs as adverbials to express momentum.?
The second question is, is it not until the Tang Dynasty that the word "zai" was used to mean "the second time", but it was not used before the Tang Dynasty? It can also be seen from the saying of "one effort, then decline, three times exhaustion", "一", "Zai" and "三" show that the content of the ordinal number is expressed in the form of a cardinal number, which means "the first (second, third) time" (Dictionary of Commonly Used Chinese Characters in Ancient Chinese) (The Commercial Press) explains "Zai" as. "The second time", the documentary evidence is "all in one go,..." and the word "you" is added before the meaning of "twice" ("Fanli" says "'you' means a similar but parallel meaning"). , "Guoyu·Qiyu": "If you do it again, you will be forgiven, if you do it three times, you will not be forgiven. "(The first and second crime can be forgiven, but the third time cannot be forgiven.)?
5. Page 333: Behind the solidified format of "so-called", you can also include another Object. For example: The so-called homeland does not mean that there are trees. (Mencius, King Hui of Liang) This means victory over the imperial court (Warring States Ce·Qi Ce)?
Press: "So-called". It is an attributive, "the one from the homeland" and "the one who defeated the imperial court" are the central words. "So-called" is equal to "that" "The subject of "the so-called victory over the imperial court" is the predicate of the noun phrase "this".?
Page 6, 334: The ancient Chinese "so" cannot be interpreted as the modern Chinese "therefore" (The textbook uses "So guard against evil and approach the righteousness" as an example) Even if it is like the previous example of "You did not ask this question but asked Shun Guan, so it is wrong", the "so
"With" cannot be understood as "because of", but should be understood as "the reason why I didn't answer." ”?
Note: The first proposition quoted above is only suitable for the usage of “suo” to “express the use”, and is not suitable for the usage of “expressing the cause”.
"So it's not right" belongs to "expressing the cause". It can be translated as "I won't answer you because of this" or "I won't answer you because of this". Because although "therefore" is a conjunction, it is derived from the phrase "because of this"; as a "word", its constituent morpheme is also "because of this"; in fact, it is not easy to decide whether it is a word or a phrase. Draw firm boundaries. Going back further, "because of this" = "therefore" = "so" (Yi = cause, Suo = this). Therefore, "so it's wrong" does not necessarily have to be understood as "the reason why I didn't answer." As for adding a subject "I", it can only be placed before "so" but not after "so". That is the difference in syntactic function between "so" in classical Chinese and "so" in vernacular. It's not a difference in a lexical sense. In modern Chinese, the position of "so" is flexible whether it is before the subject or after the subject. "So I don't answer" can also be said as "I don't answer". "So it's wrong" reflects the transitional state of "so" in the development process. ?
7. Page 886: Examples 1 to 5 are all euphemisms for the emperor's "death". ?
Note: The first example is "To show one's honors is to show off" (Mencius·Wan Zhang 1), the second example is "Once the mountains collapse, how can the Lord of Chang'an rely on Zhao" (Warring States Policy·Chulong Speaking of Empress Dowager Zhao), "Fang Xun" in Example 1 is Yao's nickname, and the omitted subject in Example 2 is Empress Dowager Zhao. Although the new version of "Cymology" under the "Emperor" section includes "(2) Honoring the emperors of previous generations" and "(3) Referring to the three emperors and five emperors", in the minds of contemporary Chinese people, the mention of "emperor" refers to those starting from Qin Shihuang The monarch of a feudal dynasty. It would be more accurate to change "to the emperor" in this explanation to "to the emperor ("the emperor") and the queen". ?
8. Page 1086: In fact, people in the Tang Dynasty did not completely follow the 193 rhymes or 206 rhymes when writing poems. ?
Note: I just mentioned before this sentence that "Guang Yun" compiled by Chen Pengnian of the Northern Song Dynasty was subdivided into 206 rhymes based on "Qie Yun". Then, " Is there any question whether people in the Tang Dynasty compose poetry according to the "Northern Song Dynasty...two hundred and six rhymes"? This is seeking to refine the sentence while focusing on one thing and the other. Although one of the two versions of "Tang Yun" - the Tianbao version (the fragment) has been increased to 204 or 205 rhymes, the textbook does not cover "Tang Yun" and it is quite troublesome to explain. This sentence should be changed to "People in the Tang Dynasty did not completely follow the 193 rhymes when they wrote poems, and people in the Song Dynasty did not completely follow the 206 rhymes when they wrote poems." The following sentence "There was a rule of 'same use' at that time." The reference to "at that time" is unclear, and it should be clearly stated that it refers to the "Tang Dynasty".