1.4D printing
I believe everyone has seen the Transformers in the movie transform in a short time. In the near future, 4D printing technology will make the model you need take shape in a short time. 4D printing refers to the creation of a three-dimensional object with self-changing physical characteristics (including shape, density, color, elasticity, conductivity, optical characteristics, electromagnetic characteristics, etc.) by using "programmable substances" and 3D printing technology. ) under a predetermined stimulus (such as being put into water, or being heated, pressurized, electrified, illuminated, etc.). ). Among them, "programmable substance" refers to a substance that can change its shape, density, conductivity, color, optical characteristics, electromagnetic characteristics and other properties in a programmable way. The fourth dimension of 4D printing means that the shape or performance of an object can change itself after it is manufactured.
There are at least two forms of objects manufactured by 4D printing: one is that all parts of the object are connected together and can transform themselves into another form or expression; The other is that the object consists of separable three-dimensional pixels (volume-based pixels, similar to plane pixels, are the basic units of "programmable substances", and different "programmable substances" have different three-dimensional pixels), which can be aggregated to form a larger programmable part or decomposed into three-dimensional pixels.
4D printing has one more time dimension than 3D printing. 3D printing is to pre-model, and then print out the finished product, while 4D printing is to embed the product into deformable intelligent materials through a printer, and self-assemble according to the prior design at a specific time or under the activation conditions. The printing process is not novel, the key is the change after printing. This technology can be used to assemble objects in inaccessible places such as underground pipelines, and can also be used to manufacture furniture, bicycles, cars and buildings. The concept of 4D printing is inspired by biological self-replication ability. Some experts believe that the advent of this technology may herald the arrival of the era of self-assembled furniture.
2. Precision genetic engineering
Traditional genetic engineering has always been controversial. However, new technology is emerging, which enables us to directly "edit" the genetic code of plants, thus improving the nutritional composition of plants and better adapting to climate change. These technologies include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS) and the recently introduced CRISPR-Cas9 system, which can evolve into a virus defense mechanism in bacteria. This system uses RNA molecules to lock the target DNA and cut it in the target genome according to a set of known and user-selected sequences. In this way, unwanted genes can be suppressed, or genes can be improved to play the same function as natural mutations. Through homologous recombination, CRISPR can also be used to accurately implant new DNA sequences or even complete genes into the genome.
Another promising field of genetic engineering is the application of RNA interference technology (RNAi) in crops. RNA interference can effectively prevent virus and fungal pathogens, protect plants from pests and diseases, and reduce the demand for chemical pesticides. Virus genes have been widely used to protect papaya trees from ringspot virus. Take Hawaii as an example. In the past decade or so, the drug resistance of the virus showed no signs of increasing. In addition, RNA interference can also benefit major food crops and prevent wheat straw rust, rice blast, potato late blight, banana wilt and so on.
Nowadays, many biological scientists are committed to the breakthrough of cancer, among which genetic engineering is essential. Perhaps in the near future, human beings can achieve a strong cure of cancer, thus making human life longer and more sustainable.
3. Wireless power transmission
Nowadays, more and more electronic products bring great convenience to people's work and life, but most of the traditional power transmission methods are to transmit power to terminal products through wires or sockets. With the popularization of mobile devices, wireless data transmission and wireless network technology, people hope to get rid of the shackles of traditional power transmission methods and the troubles caused by chaotic power lines. Thus, wireless power transmission technology has become the most promising technology in 2 1 century, and wireless charging products have become the new focus of attention. At present, many countries in the world are studying and developing wireless power transmission technology, exploring the application of wireless power transmission system in different fields and trying to make it practical.
W irelessPowerTransmission (WPT), also known as wireless energy transmission or wireless power transmission, is realized by electromagnetic induction and energy conversion. Wireless power transmission mainly realizes contactless power transmission through electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic vibration, radio frequency, microwave and laser. According to the different power supply distances of space wireless power transmission, the forms of wireless power transmission can be divided into three categories: short-distance, medium-distance and long-distance transmission.
4. unmanned driving
Self-driving car, also known as driverless car, computer-driven car or wheeled mobile robot, is a kind of unmanned ground vehicle with transportation power. As an automated vehicle, self-driving cars can perceive the surrounding environment and navigate without human operation. Fully self-driving cars have not been fully commercialized, and most of them are prototypes and display systems. Some reliable technologies have been decentralized to production models and gradually become a reality.
Self-driving cars can perceive the surrounding environment through radar, optical radar, GPS and computer vision [1][2]. Advanced control system can convert the sensed data into appropriate navigation roads, obstacles and related signs. According to the definition, a self-driving car can update its map information by sensing input data, so that the vehicle can continuously track its position.
The display system of self-driving cars can be traced back to 1920s and 1930s, and the first truly self-driving car appeared in 1980s. 1984, Carnegie Mellon university promoted Navlab plan and ALV plan; 1987, Mercedes-Benz and the Federal National Defense University in Munich, Germany jointly implemented the Eureka Prometheus Plan. Since then, many large companies and research institutions have begun to manufacture operational prototypes of self-driving cars. After 2 1 century, with the progress of information technology, it has made rapid progress. Fully self-driving vehicles have been manufactured on test vehicles, and Tesla took the lead in introducing self-driving vehicles in specific environments.
5. All-weather energy collection technology
A technology that can generate energy from various fuels at any time and anywhere, using the temperature difference between human body and environment to generate electricity. Finland's National Technology Research Center has developed an "energy collection tree", which can collect energy from the surrounding environment and convert it into electric energy to charge small electronic devices. In Britain, people's footsteps can generate electricity to start light bulbs and charge mobile phones. This invented technology will become the next step of smart cities. All-weather energy collection runways will be laid on the streets with high traffic density, and everyone will contribute to green energy when walking on the runways.
6. Smart factories
The development of "smart factory" is the new direction of intelligent industry development. These characteristics are embodied in manufacturing:
1. system is autonomous: it can collect and understand information from the outside and itself, and use this information to analyze, judge and plan its own behavior.
Second, the practice of overall visualization technology: combining signal processing, reasoning and prediction, simulation and multimedia technology, the reality is expanded to show the design and manufacturing process in real life.
Third, the characteristics of coordination, reorganization and expansion: each group in the system undertakes its own tasks to form the best system structure.
4. Self-learning and maintenance ability: Through the system self-learning function, the database can be supplemented and updated in the manufacturing process, fault diagnosis can be automatically performed, and the ability to troubleshoot and maintain or notify the correct system implementation can be provided.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Man-machine system: Man-machine is a coordinated and cooperative relationship, and they complement each other at different levels.
Combined with a future factory with high automation, big data and Internet of Things, through various sensors, network technologies and cloud computing, manpower is reduced and production is efficient. Compared with the current large-scale production strategy, the future will change to diversified and small-scale customized production. With more and more embedded devices connected to the factory manufacturing process, deploying control systems through cloud architecture is undoubtedly one of the most important trends. The so-called Industry 4.0 is a new generation of industrial revolution. The first industrial revolution was driven by water and steam, followed by the second industrial revolution, which introduced mass production through electric drive, followed by the digital revolution, which introduced information technology to further automate production. Now, we are on the verge of the fourth industrial revolution, which will be the integration of automation and digitalization.
7. Wave remote control from a distance
Based on the bionics principle (bats hunt with ultrasonic waves), this technology can identify the ultrasonic waves reflected by waving action signals, accurately capture and identify the action signals generated by people at the moment of waving, and thus realize relatively remote control of power supply. So, even if you sleep in bed, you can turn on and off the lights and other appliances in different rooms of your home by using this switch and waving at it from a distance. Recently, Huawei's latest mobile phone conference also showed that this function can click on the APP through gesture recognition from a distance, which also means that smart products will become a reality in the future.
8. Virtual reality
Being in different time and space can overcome the limitation of distance. * * * With the real experience technology of participating in activities, such as staying at home and playing ball with relatives and friends far away. At present, it has reached the stage of commercialization, and the application technology of hologram is also developing. VR is to create a 3D virtual world through computer simulation, providing users with visual, auditory and tactile simulations, so that users can feel immersive and observe things in 3D space synchronously and without restriction. When the user moves, the computer can immediately perform complex operations and send back accurate three-dimensional images of the world to create a sense of presence.
9. Face recognition technology
Face recognition [1] technology refers to the use of computer technology to recognize faces. Face recognition is a hot research field of computer technology, including face tracking detection, automatic adjustment of image magnification, infrared detection at night, automatic adjustment of exposure intensity and other technologies.
Face recognition technology belongs to biometric identification technology, which distinguishes biological individuals through their own biological characteristics.
10. Highly artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI), also known as intelligent machinery and machine intelligence, refers to the intelligence displayed by machines made by people. Usually artificial intelligence refers to the technology of presenting human intelligence through ordinary computer programs. The word also points out whether and how such an intelligent system can be realized. At the same time, through the progress of medicine, neuroscience, robotics and statistics, some predictions think that countless occupations of human beings are gradually being replaced by them.
The definition of artificial intelligence in general textbooks is "research and design of intelligent agents", and intelligent agents refer to systems that can observe the surrounding environment and take actions to achieve their goals. John mccarthy's definition in 1955 is "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines". Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define artificial intelligence as "the ability of a system to correctly interpret external data, learn from these data, and use these knowledge to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation".
The research of artificial intelligence is very technical and professional, and all branches are deep and unconnected, so it covers a wide range [8]. The research of artificial intelligence can be divided into several technical problems. Its branch field mainly focuses on solving specific problems, one of which is how to use various tools to complete specific applications.
The core issues of AI include the ability to build reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, moving things, using tools and manipulating machinery, which are similar to or even better than human beings [9]. Artificial intelligence is still a long-term goal in this field [10]. At present, strong artificial intelligence has achieved initial results, even in image recognition, language analysis, board games and other aspects have made breakthroughs. The universality of artificial intelligence means that the same AI program can solve the above problems, and can directly use the existing AI to complete tasks without redeveloping the algorithm, which is the same as human processing ability, but it takes time to learn to achieve strong artificial intelligence with integrated thinking ability. The popular methods are statistical method, computational intelligence and traditional AI. At present, a large number of tools have applied artificial intelligence, including search, mathematical optimization, logical deduction and so on. Algorithms based on bionics, cognitive psychology, probability theory and economics are also being explored step by step. Thinking comes from the brain, thinking controls behavior, and it needs will to be realized. Thinking is the arrangement of all data sets, which is equivalent to a database, so artificial intelligence will eventually evolve into a machine to replace human beings.