1. 1769 Frenchman NJ Juniu made the world's first steam car to drive a three-wheeled car. 1804, devitik designed and manufactured the first steam car.
2. 1879 german engineer Karl? Ben Ci first successfully tested the two-stroke experimental engine.
3. 1986 The international automobile industry recommended Daimler-Benz of Germany to hold the centennial Christmas celebration of international automobiles. Karl? Mr Ben Ci. So people generally call 1886 the first year of automobile.
The entrepreneurial history of Ford Motor Company
Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Motor Company, bought the site of Rouge Factory in 19 14, and bought 2,000 acres (about 1200 acres) of land by the Rouge River. This land is not far from his childhood home. It is located in dearborn, Michigan. This is a swamp. When Ford was a child, he went there to watch birds buy this land. Ford has made great achievements. He founded Ford Motor Company in 1903, and in March19, he launched the world-famous century car-Model T.. The earliest production line in the world was founded in 19 10. At that time, there was no clear idea about the use of Rouge River. Ford even thought about turning it into a large bird sanctuary. However, a contract changed all this. During World War I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Secretary of State for Naval Affairs, signed a contract with Henry Ford to use his creative genius to produce submarines and torpedo boats.
19 17, a three-story factory building named building b was built at rouge site to produce warships. Building B, the first large building, became a part of dearborn assembly plant today. By the end of the war, the Ford submarine was not produced, but through this project, the channel of the Rouge River was greatly widened and the ore carrier could go upstream. The war also exposed Ford Motor Company's lack of sufficient capacity to deal with the supply failure of its suppliers. Due to the lack of spare parts, Ford has stopped work many times. This prompted Ford to make up his mind to be self-sufficient. Rouge Wharf soon became the port of arrival for giant carriers loaded with ore, coal and wood, which were supplied to Rouge Factory. Then in 19 19, a coking kiln and a cupola were built. This foundry can produce iron, steel, brass and bronze castings. The foundry itself covers 30 acres. It was the largest foundry in the world when it was first put into production.
1920, rouge factory began mass production of the world's first mass-produced tractor-fortson tractor. 1920, Ford built a huge power plant. From the first day of construction, it supplied power to both Rouge and Highland (the first assembly plant of Ford Motor Company, located in Detroit). Because of sufficient electricity, it also provides Detroit with 6.5438+0 million kilowatts of surplus electricity every day. The glass factory was built in 1923. Ford first used laminated safety glass as a windshield on Model A cars, and it needed a factory to produce it accordingly. The new factory produces 13.4 miles of glass every day. When the long-awaited Model A rolled off the assembly line at 1927, Rouge Factory achieved the goal of "from ore to finished product". Since then, Building B has become the base camp of the assembly plant. These buildings, along with hundreds of other buildings in the Ford Empire, were designed by Albert Kahn, the most famous architect at that time. Kahn's design naturally focuses on the production function of the building, but at the same time, it also tries to improve the lighting and ventilation conditions of the building. For example, when the Routh Glass Factory was completed, it was regarded as "a factory far ahead in industrial architecture art" because of its large glass curtain wall and ceiling.
So far, the entire joint venture has been completed, but the partial transformation has never stopped. As long as more efficient machines and processes are found, old equipment will be eliminated and replaced with new equipment. As an engineer in Rouge Factory said, "It doesn't matter how much the equipment costs or how long it takes. Sometimes, in order to carry out one or two renovations, the entire department was withdrawn. "
Anyone who has visited the rouge factory is deeply impressed by the amazing cleanliness of the whole factory. The floor is polished, every wall is newly painted, every window is shining, and the locomotive is shining like an exhibit. Henry Ford demands absolute cleanliness. Every time he receives a notice that someone is visiting, the factory manager will order a day off to clean.
In Ford's eyes, one of the great evils in the world is to create waste. All Ford's waste products have been recycled. Coking waste gas is used to produce tar, lighting gas and other chemical by-products. Every day, 30 tons of ore dust is reprocessed. Blast furnace slag is used as a component of concrete and used in Ford's construction site. Charcoal used for family barbecue is recognized as invented by Ford. The reason for Ford's invention is to find a use for more and more waste wood. During World War II, this giant factory continuously produced jeeps, tanks, trucks, command vehicles and tractors, and another main product was aero-engines.
1947, while rouge was in full swing, Henry Ford died. Since then, Ford Motor Company has entered a new stage of development, giving up the over-centralized approach and limiting the scale of Rolls-Royce factory. In the late 1960s, the world was very different from that when Henry Ford was alive. One of them is the growing awareness of environmental protection. In the early days of American industrialization, chimney smoke was regarded as a symbol of full employment. With the maturity of the industry, the government and manufacturers have realized another meaning of black smoke. The government authorities have established quality standards for air and water. The closer the factory is to the community, the more accumulated emissions and stricter management will lead to the closure of some old factories. As the largest single joint venture in the world, Rouge Factory is likely to be the only one in the future. Ford began to focus on its best business: the core business of automobile and truck production, relying more and more on the growing team of support suppliers and cadres, and getting rid of non-core areas such as mining, wood and glass manufacturing in an orderly manner.
198 1 year, the steel production business of rouge factory became a part of the newly independent company. When these businesses were sold to Rouge Iron and Steel Plant in 1989, Ford had given up all the ownership of Rouge River and the ship dock in the factory area, and the ownership of the original 1 100 mu of land had also been abandoned by 45%. But rouge has developed into not only an aggregate of steel and cement, but also a community with strong self-awareness. Generation after generation have worked here. No matter whether it is a regular worker or a temporary worker, no one wants to leave the place where they have lived for generations.
1992, when Ford Mustang, the only car model produced in Rouge Factory, was about to stop production, the trade union cooperated with Alex Jodman, then president of Ford's North American business department, to maintain the production of Mustang and at the same time maintain the production of Ford Rouge Factory. Saving wild horses has become synonymous with saving rouge. The company and the trade union reached a modern management agreement and adopted many new measures to improve efficiency and quality. The company will redesign and promote Mustang and increase investment in modern equipment. Rouge Factory 1997 Resurrection. Ford's board of directors agreed to modernize the oldest and largest manufacturing enterprise. In the first stage, the focus of the work is to carry out large-scale renovation of dearborn engine and fuel tank factory and other factories in Rouge, and to carry out an environmentally friendly and advanced painting project in dearborn assembly plant. It is also planned to invite CMS Energy Company to build a brand-new power plant before 2000.
Rouge factory is now called Ford Rouge Center. This 600-acre factory is still the largest joint venture of Ford Motor Company. "It is of great significance for us to open up a bright future for the Ford Rouge Center." Jim Padilla, vice president of Ford Group, said. "We plan to transform this industrial center in the United States on an unprecedented scale and make it stride into 2 1 century."
Daimler, the originator of automobiles and motorcycles.
Just as Karl Benz developed and invented the world's first automobile, another engineer, Gottliep Daimler (1846- 1900) and his assistant, wilhelm maybach (1846- 1929), are also engaged in the research of gasoline-powered vehicles in the same country. The two men installed this internal combustion engine on a bicycle with oak as the frame, becoming the first motorcycle in the world. Daimler obtained the patent on August 29th of the same year and became the originator of the motorcycle industry in the world. And his assistant, Maibakh, was the first motorcycle rider in the world.
The name of the first motorcycle in the world was also named after the inventor. The rear wheel of the car is 26 inches and the front wheel is 34 inches. Its saddle-shaped leather cushion, oak frame, wooden wheels, belt drive and a gear shifting device. The structure of the clutch is controlled by the belt-driven pinch roller, which compresses the pinch roller, and the power steering rear wheel drives the car to move forward; When the pulley is loosened, the belt slips, that is, the power transmission is cut off and the car stops moving forward. The fastest speed of this motorcycle is11.2km. Unfortunately, this unique treasure of the world's first motorcycle was destroyed in the war during World War II.
For Daimler and Maibakh, making and driving motorcycles is not the goal. The most important thing is to test the performance of internal combustion engine and improve it for automobile. 1886, they jointly developed a four-wheeled vehicle with 1. 1 horsepower gasoline internal combustion engine. Although Daimler and Ben Ci are engaged in automobile development in the same country, they have never met, so the research results of Daimler and Ben Ci are recognized. They are both inventors of the world's first automobile, calling them "ancestors of automobiles and motorcycles". Daimler also has a "Daimler No.1" named after itself like Ben Ci, and also established a "Daimler Automobile Company" named after itself like Ben Ci, and successively produced the "Phoenix" brand passenger car and the famous "Mercedes-Benz" passenger car named after the daughter of Emile Jelinek, the company's general importer in France. 1898 Daimler made the world's first truck, which was exhibited to the public in Paris, France, causing a sensation and creating a precedent for cars to go professional. 1926 On June 29th, Daimler and Mercedes-Benz formally merged to form Daimler-Benz, which became the initiator of the "powerful alliance". Now it has developed into a multinational group company with180,000 employees, and has become an important enterprise not only in Germany but also in the world automobile industry.
Three changes in the history of automobile industry
The automobile assembly line installed by Ford Motor Company in the United States brought about the first revolution in the history of the automobile industry.
The second change took place in the 1950s. At that time, the internal tariff barriers in Europe were gradually dismantled, which made the European market unprecedentedly prosperous and effectively promoted the development of automobile manufacturing.
3. At the end of 1960s, Japan's automobile industry created a miracle, producing cars with good quality and low price, which made the world automobile industry change for the third time.
Four major automobile cities
1. Detroit: American Motown. Gai owns 1.57 billion cars, with an average of one car for every1.5 people. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, which monopolize the American automobile industry, are headquartered in Detroit, where they produce14 cars nationwide. Of the city's population of 4.42 million, 9 1% is mainly engaged in the automobile industry.
2. Toyota: Japan Motor City. Toyota has a population of 280,000, of which 62% comes from Toyota Motor Corporation and its subsidiaries. Toyota owns 10 automobile factories, producing dozens of series of light and heavy vehicles. There is also a 1240 cooperative factory. The average annual output value of each employee of the company is $6,543,800+3,000, ranking first in the world.
3. Turin: Italy Motor City. The population of the city is 6.5438+0.2 million, among which the population engaged in the automobile industry exceeds 350,000, and the annual output of automobiles accounts for 75% of the total in Italy. 1899 When Fiat established its automobile factory here, it had only 4/kloc-0 employees, and now it has developed into the seventh largest automobile company in the world and the second largest in Europe.
4. Stuttgart: German Motown. This city with a population of 600,000 is home to Daimler-Benz, which produced the world's first car. The company has 1800 maintenance points in China and 4250 maintenance points in 17 countries and regions abroad.
Jipu home
The American Willis MB military vehicle galloping on the battlefield of World War II is the originator of modern jeep. Its development has gone through important stages such as Willis, Kaiser and AMC, and Jeep has been influenced by Willis MB during its development.
As soon as the curtain of World War II fell, the European automobile industry and automobile market recovered rapidly. The off-road vehicle (SUV) galloping on the battlefield in the war is welcomed by people because of its simple structure and low price.
Because the American military jeep has become a good thing in the British auto market, the British certainly don't want to fall behind. 1947, the surviving Land Rover Motor Company gathered a group of technical elites in central England and began to design its own off-road vehicle.
After a year of hard work, the first Land Rover finally appeared. The British military also appreciates this kind of car that can easily climb 45% slopes and cross muddy roads. 1956, the British military began to formally order Land Rover. Subsequently, orders from all over the world followed, and Land Rover finally won people's favor. Land Rover's output is expanding day by day, with more and more models, and it has won the reputation of "king of off-road". The success of Land Rover made many car manufacturers in the world find it profitable to produce off-road vehicles, so in the late 1960s, Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi and Mercedes-Benz all developed off-road vehicles, and after the 1970s, they all launched their own representative works, among which American Hummer, Toyota Land Cruiser and Chrysler Cherokee, which were popular in the China market in the 1980s, were world-renowned.
In order to meet the challenge, Land Rover invested a lot of money to improve technical equipment and develop new engines, and successively launched a variety of off-road vehicles such as Range Rover, Discovery, Freelander and Defender. After more than 40 years of development, today's Land Rover products have become a model of modern off-road vehicles.
The future car will have eight characteristics.
According to the statistics of American Automotive News magazine on the current annual output of 50 million cars, it is predicted that the automobile structure in the international market will have the following eight characteristics.
1. Diesel engines are adopted by more and more cars, and more and more cars equipped with diesel engines in Europe.
2. One of the signs of the development of gasoline engine technology is that electronically controlled fuel injection engine will replace carburetor engine. The European Union has clearly stipulated that the gasoline engine cars produced in the future must be equipped with an electronically controlled fuel injection system.
3. Electric vehicles will enter the practical stage. With the research and development of new batteries with low price, high energy and long life, and people's strong voice for environmental protection, electric vehicles will gradually become the means of transportation in major cities.
4. Car safety standards will be stricter. In order to ensure the reliability and stability of automobiles, ABS will gradually become a standard device for some models. The number of airbag devices installed to protect passengers will gradually increase, and some models are even equipped with side airbags; Various models will be equipped with three-point automatic shoulder belts, anti-side collision bars and steel chains.
5. Use more lightweight materials instead of steel to reduce the weight of the car. The application of light materials such as aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and carbon fiber in automobile manufacturing will increase.
6. Various electronic devices will be more used in cars, such as electronic engine locks, so that car thieves can't start; Global positioning system (GPS) makes drivers never get lost wherever they are.
7. This truck will improve the existing power plant. Using a more efficient power plant can make today's trucks pull bigger and run faster.
8. The number of front-wheel drive cars will increase, and the further development of transverse engine technology will make cars more fuel-efficient and economical; Some large cars will also use front-wheel drive, such as the new Audi AB.