(Lv Ruimian)
my country is rich in medicinal plant resources and has broad prospects for comprehensive utilization. Working people in ancient times have long known that different medicinal parts have different curative effects, such as using orange peel to unblock meridians, regulate qi, and resolve phlegm, orange core to relieve pain, and orange peel to strengthen the spleen. Another example is the Compendium of Compendium of Materia Medica, which records the medicinal uses of wolfberry. The wolfberry leaves picked in spring are called Tianjingcao, the wolfberry flowers picked in summer are called longevity flowers, and the wolfberry fruits picked in autumn are called wolfberry seeds. With the development of modern medical science, the medicinal parts of medicinal plants have gradually been expanded. For example, the oil extracted from the core of Schisandra chinensis has certain curative effects on hepatitis. The fibrous roots of coptis and Shegan contain the same ingredients as the main roots, and both have therapeutic effects. .
1. The significance of comprehensive utilization
(1) Fully develop and utilize medicinal resources and turn waste into treasure
According to traditional medication habits, most Chinese herbal medicines only use A certain part is used as medicine, and the rest is discarded. For example, the roots of ginseng are used as medicine, but it is not known that the total ginsenosides in fresh ginseng fruits are 0.9-1.0, among which Re saponins are relatively high, which have the effect of lowering blood lipids and cholesterol. In recent years, Ginseng fruits are collected and used to make medicine and ginseng wine. For example, Amomum villosum leaves can extract volatile oil, and coptis stems and leaves can extract alkaloids, etc., which expands the source of medicine and increases economic benefits.
(2) It is conducive to the protection of wild resources
Although my country's wild resources are very rich, their development and utilization are increasing year by year. Some wild precious medicinal materials, such as Acanthopanax, have been eroded due to large-scale excavation. Decreasing day by day. It has been analyzed that the aerial parts of Acanthopanax also contain saponins and flavonoids. If the roots are left when digging and only the aerial parts are taken, this precious resource can be protected. For other root and rhizome medicinal materials, if we can pay attention to the research on the comprehensive utilization of the above-ground parts and dig less root systems, we can reduce resource damage and help protect wild resources.
(3) Increase economic benefits
Some perennial medicinal materials have a long growth life, such as ginseng, which takes 6-8 years, Shizhu ginseng, which takes 12-15 years, and American ginseng, which takes 4-6 years. , Panax notoginseng needs 3-4 years to wait, the investment is large, and the results are slow. If the above-ground parts are collected every year and used for medicinal purposes, there will be income that year.
However, comprehensive utilization must be based on science. Different parts of some plants have different chemical compositions and medicinal properties, so they cannot be used blindly.
2. Scientific basis for comprehensive utilization of medicinal plants
To carry out comprehensive utilization of medicinal plants, there must be scientific basis and conditions. According to the "Drug Administration Law" issued by the Ministry of Health in July 1985 》Regulations, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, toxicology and clinical tests are required to prove that they are basically the same as the properties of traditional medicinal parts or have new medicinal value, and then go through certain approval procedures before they can be developed and utilized. Certain drugs cannot be used blindly. Some are medicines to prevent ineffective or fake medicines.
In the past ten years, many scholars have conducted systematic research on ginseng, American ginseng, Panax notoginseng, sea buckthorn, Acanthopanax, hawthorn leaves, ginkgo leaves, etc. For example, a series of new products have been developed through comprehensive utilization of the above-ground parts of ginseng, and there are many relevant pharmacological data. The ginsenoside content of different parts is shown in Table 11-2 and 3.
Table 11-2 Analysis results of total ginseng saponins (unit: )
Table 11-3 Content of total ginseng saponins in processed red ginseng by-products
From Table 11- 2, 3 It can be seen that ginseng buds, fruits, and leaves contain higher total ginseng saponins than the main root. Now the saponins extracted from ginseng leaves and fruits have been listed as medicinal and have significant curative effects in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Steamed ginseng water can be made into ginseng beer, etc. Processed sugar ginseng water can be used to make ginseng wine candy, and ginseng polysaccharides can be extracted from ginseng residue to enhance immune function.
In recent years, systematic development research has been carried out on sea buckthorn, and remarkable results have been achieved. Sea buckthorn fruits contain carotene, VE, Vc, and flavonoids. The dried leaves and pomace also contain flavonoids, which are anti-inflammatory, cough-relieving, It has the effect of preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases. The seeds contain 9.5% oil and have anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer effects. The seed residue after oil removal is rich in protein and can be considered as feed. On this basis, a series of products have been developed.
The bark of Eucommia ulmoides is an important Chinese medicinal material with many curative effects. The peeled tree is easy to die. Comparative pharmacological and chemical studies on its leaves and bark found that the chemical compositions of the two are similar (Table 11-4), and both have the effects of lowering blood pressure and resisting myocardial hypoxia.
Table 11-4 Analysis results of Eucommia leaves and skin (unit: )
Therefore, Eucommia leaves can be considered as a substitute to expand the source of medicine and protect the Eucommia tree.
Pollen is rich in nutrients, such as proteins, amino acids, sugars, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, trace elements, etc. It also contains resins, flavonoids, ether lipids, terpene derivatives, beeswax, carotenoids, etc. Pollen can enhance hematopoietic function, protect the cardiovascular system, improve the body's immune function, resist aging, and promote the growth and development of children. Clinical evidence is as follows: (1) Pollen, as a nutritious food and appetite-promoting drug, is a very significant health restoration agent. Leher (1973-1974) studied a pollen extract (Stencrex) to treat patients. After taking it, the patient The loss of appetite caused by the disease was optimally improved, the body weight increased, and the serum protein increased from a lower level, indicating that the protein composition in pollen plays a role in the human body. (2) Clinical studies using pollen extract to treat certain chronic urological diseases have achieved significant results. Turkish clinical studies have proven effective in the treatment of sexual disorders and impotence. (3) Using pollen to treat anemia, chronic dysentery, neurasthenia, arteriosclerosis, etc. has certain effects.
The leaves of honeysuckle contain chlorogenic acid, etc., and the flower buds contain flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, inositol, saponins, etc., which have anti-staphylococci, alpha and beta hemolytic streptococci, typhoid bacilli, tuberculosis bacilli, and pneumonia. The role of diplococci. Both flowers and leaves can be considered for comprehensive utilization.
Both the underground and aboveground parts of golden buckwheat can be used to treat lung abscess, and the aboveground parts have been used as raw materials for veterinary drugs.
In short, in terms of medicinal plants, there are many examples of comprehensive utilization and the future is bright. Research on comprehensive utilization should be carried out scientifically and rationally.
3. Introduction to new comprehensive utilization products
(1) Comprehensive utilization products of pollen
On the Chinese market, there are "Pollen Bodybuilding Crisp" and "Pollen Royal Jelly" etc., "Cernilton", a mechanically collected pollen extract from six types of plants, has been on the international market for 30 years.
(2) Comprehensive utilization products of ginseng
"Ginseng saponin tablets" refined from stems and leaves as raw materials; granules processed from ginseng buds as the main raw materials Granules "Ginseng Flower Crystal"; "Ginseng Fruit Side Tablets" and "Ginseng Fruit Side Wine" for treating coronary heart disease; others include "Ginseng Anti-wrinkle Cream", "Ginseng Hair Growth Liquid", "Ginseng Royal Jelly", and "Ginseng Polysaccharide Tablets" , "Ginseng Polysaccharide Injection", "Ginseng Tea" and "Ginseng Tea" produced in Hong Kong, etc.
(3) Seabuckthorn comprehensive utilization products
“Sea-buckthorn champagne”, “Sea-buckthorn soda”, “Sea-buckthorn strong vitamin”, “Sea-buckthorn jam”, “Sea-buckthorn granules”, “Sea-buckthorn powder” Gummies”, sea buckthorn seed oil can be used as medicine for burns, etc.
In addition, Panax notoginseng leaves can be made into Panax notoginseng saponin tablets, which are used to treat coronary heart disease and bruises; Amomum villosum leaves can extract volatile oil; Sisal can provide sisal saponins, and Dioscorea contains saponins. They are all raw materials for producing hydrocortisone, and sisal fiber can be used for cables; hawthorn leaves, persimmon leaves, persimmon stems, wolfberry leaves, etc. have also been developed and researched on comprehensive utilization.
In short, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive utilization of medicinal plants based on in-depth scientific experiments, which will bring high economic and social benefits.