Changle Lao's official career: how to know the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms? Seek an answer

Feng Dao was a rather bizarre figure in the history of the Five Dynasties. He has experienced four dynasties and three books. Whether his master is a Shatuo, a foreigner or a Han Chinese, whether they are the masters of starting a business or sticking to the end, he can be a prime minister happily. He can also send a special envoy to Qidan to negotiate with "Rong Wang" and make him heartbroken. Feng Dao's Self-report of Changle Old Man is a short autobiography, which lists his official titles, but it occupies a full side. He was made Duke five times. Not only Lu Guogong, but also Liang Guogong, Yan Guogong, Qin Guogong and Qi Guogong. However, all the people who preserve the original historical materials agree that Feng Dao is not favored by others, but he has created a lifetime's benign reputation in the government and the people. "History of the Old Five Dynasties" says that he "has been in the phase for more than 20 years, taking the town as his own responsibility". The New History of the Five Dynasties also said, "When Tao died, everyone called him * * * and said that he lived with Confucius, so did his happiness.". Moreover, both old and new history agree that Qidan didn't exterminate China people, and Feng Dao did more. This story gives us the impression that traditional historians take "praising and criticizing" as their own responsibility. In other words, the deeds of Ying Tiandi can be measured by the same moral scale. But in his narrow view of history, there will be exceptions like Feng Daozhe. Today, we are trying to broaden the horizon of history, and we should avoid making moral comments casually. Because morality is the last link of truth and the highest authority in the world, once it is put forward, there is no room for discussion and consideration, and the story has to end here. Traditional historians ignore the importance of technical factors and fail to understand the rationality of history for a long time, which is caused by citing morality to explain history and oversimplifying the fact of traction. In 907 AD, the last monarch of the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Xuan Emperor Li Zhuchan, was located in Zhu Wen. Since then, the short dynasties of Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Friday have been launched one after another. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin was promoted by soldiers in Chen Qiaoyi and became the future Song Taizu, which lasted only 54 years. This period is called "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries" in history. Most existing historical outlines fail to describe the key points of the story. The newly published research text is too complicated. It is not the material that ordinary readers are eager to appreciate and master. We must first see clearly that 54 years is not a long time in the long history of China. In addition, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were connected by Li Tang and Zhao Song, both of which were great empires that lasted for about 300 years. It can be seen that although China society was bumpy in this process, it did not completely collapse; And in fifty-four years, there may be some positive factors, so that the "second empire" created by Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty can continue to advance in the historical process. The emergence of five beds and ten countries was due to the decline and fall of the Tang Dynasty. However, the collapse of the Li and Tang dynasties was not due to social degradation, but to social evolution. From the first century to the eighth century, the human factors in the whole country have become more and more complicated, but the level of progress in various regions is uneven. The whole problem is that the overall situation is far from the flat organization of administrative design in the early Tang Dynasty. The two tax systems are the same, and each region handles its own finances. Therefore, the principle that various affairs organized by civil servants can be exchanged and coordinated according to rank and rank is not feasible. The government's measures were rarely fair and reasonable, so the courtiers split the party, and the emperor had no choice but to misappropriate a sum of public funds to organize the imperial army to trust the eunuchs. Once the internal and external troubles intensify, its differentiation will become more obvious. Zhu Wen was named Zhu Quanzhong by the Tang Dynasty, and later renamed Huang Zhu. He was a general in the lineup of Huang Chao in the Tang Dynasty. It doesn't matter whether he is a wolf's ambition, has long been interested in usurping the Tang Dynasty, or has to do it at the last minute. Even if he, as some historians say, "held the reins for the son of heaven and wept for more than ten miles" (some people say that he just rode a horse to clear the way for the son of heaven first), whether he is all pretentious has little to do with today's people. At this time, his goal was to reorganize a unified empire, so King Feng Liang mastered the north-south tunnel in Kaifeng area. He also punished eunuchs and forced Zhao Zong CoCo Lee to move the capital to Luoyang, so as to get close to his sphere of influence and Central Plains materials. In 904, he won the position of marshal of various military forces. Emperor Zhao appointed him as the chief judge of the third division of the Salt and Iron Division. But at this time, his attempt to replace Tang could not be concealed or stopped. Because of the traditional China politics, it is not allowed to produce such dictatorial power outside the emperor. At this time, the only one who can fight against Zhu Wen is Li Keyong, who is a Shatuo. His father Zhu Xie is pure-hearted because he is diligent and surnamed Li. In the military action to recover Chang 'an, Li Keyong's credit is not under Zhu Wen. Later, as the king of Jin, he took the territory north of Taiyuan (Hedong) as the base of Shatuo cavalry. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, this situation that caused the axis of hostility between Taiyuan and Kaifeng never stopped. Even former comrades-in-arms, living in two places now is a feud. Later, Li (the son of Li Keyong), the founder of the Tang Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty in Shi Jingtang, the Han Dynasty in Liu Zhiyuan and the Zhou Dynasty in Guo Wei all came from Li Keyong's military system, although they and their heirs belonged to several different nationalities by blood. In fact, the Five Dynasties are just those who want to become regular, and they have been in the north. Except for a very short time, they are all based in Kaifeng (Bianzhi). The Kingdom of Ten was beyond the control of the Five Dynasties, and there were overlapping cases, mostly in the south, and it was also the product of the general savage heroes who seized land when the Five Dynasties' governments were beyond their reach. The only exception is that when the Zhou Dynasty of Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties was established in Kaifeng, Liu Zhiyuan's brother was still proclaimed emperor in Taiyuan, and the title was Han, which was called "Northern Han" by historians, which was one of the ten countries. Of the 268 states in the Tang Dynasty, less than half were controlled by the so-called central government in the Five Dynasties. When Taiyuan and Kaifeng fought, there was a horizontal development, which left a far-reaching impact in history. This is when Shi Jingtang attacked Kaifeng in Taiyuan in 936 AD. After Yelvdeguang saw him, Shi Jingtang admitted to cutting Youyan to sixteen states in Qidan, including the northern end of Hebei today, including Beijing, and a part of Chahar and Yanmenguan in Shanxi. Shi Jingtang called Ye Ludeguang his father and gave 300,000 silks every year. Traditional historians believe that letting foreigners divide the area south of the Great Wall and ask for the money has caused the biggest mistake in history. After arriving in China, I don't know how much effort I spent, and I can't get back the sixteen states of Youyan. It was not until 1368 that Zhu Yuanzhang, the great emperor of the Ming Dynasty, ordered the general Xu Da to make a northern expedition that my rivers and mountains were returned. Up to now, 430 years have passed since the cession of Shi Jingtang. But the fact is not so simple. Qidan originated in Jilin, Liaoning Province in the northeast. China ancient books called it "Donghu", which actually belongs to the Mongolian language family. It was seen in ancient books of Sui Dynasty that Hebei was ravaged by Wu Zetian in the seventh century. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, their leader Bao Ji (born in 872 AD) began to refer to the Han people, build battlements, lay an agricultural foundation, and create figures to exploit the interests of salt and iron. In the same year (907) when Zhu Wen proclaimed himself emperor, although it would take 40 years for the country to be formally established as Liao country, at this time, there was already a corresponding legal system to compete with the Southern Dynasties. At the same time, we should also be soberly aware that the areas along the Great Wall of North China were the areas where the agricultural society dominated by the Han nationality and the nomadic society of ethnic minorities entered and exited each other at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and neither side achieved absolute superiority. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty and the Biography of the Northern Di" also said that Liu Rengong, the last Lu nationality, had contracted with Qidan to exchange pasture for war horses. And before 936, we also saw the Khitan invasion of northern Shanxi. So the development of this set is not entirely due to Shi Jingtang's visit. It is only a matter of time before the Khitan entered and exited North China after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It's just that Baoji and Ye Luduang used the gap in China to expand the soil by their wrists. From a long-term and long-distance point of view, the political center of China has moved eastward from Chang 'an, and the center of national defense has also moved eastward. Later, not only the Liao Dynasty in Qidan, the Jin Dynasty in Nuzhen and the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria all originated in the northeast, that is, the Kurun River, where Mongolian tribes flourished, but also due north and east. The development that was not noticed in the middle was that the Shatuo forces in Hedong area had a differentiation effect that day, but after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms stage, they gradually became secondary, and it was not difficult to levy the Northern Han Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty. On the other hand, the Khitan issue has also become the main point of contention. At the same time, the Song Dynasty began to adopt the competition system to deal with this problem. Now that the enemy has become a deadly enemy, it can no longer be blindly despised in the name of the barbarian Rong Emperor. This attitude was not found in the Han and Tang empires and could not be inherited in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In fact, when a country or a society adopts a military system, it unexpectedly adopts a competitive attitude. China was so, neither from the Northern Song Dynasty nor from the Five Dynasties, but at the end of the Tang Dynasty when the buffer region was domineering, there was a clue. At that time, in our era, the "tooth army" was created in the city they were in charge of. The tooth army was originally the official's son army, but it is our personal bodyguard. It was the former buffer region that advocated becoming the leader of pro-army, such as Tian, etc., "heavy tax rate, repairing and counting accounts, and collecting the old and weak to plow the fields, Ding Zhuang was exempted from service, so for several years, its hundreds of thousands, still choose its powerful 10 thousand people." In self-defense, it is called a soldier. " Other places may not be able to make such progress, but as an excellent army, the dental army has special funds and supplies. Middle school generals have become "fake sons" and "adopted sons" of our time. Their positions are not only hereditary, but also promoted to senior commanders as soon as the team expands. Other "foreign troops" and "Yong Lian" are regarded as second-line and third-line armaments. This has created a posture in which all the people are soldiers. The military strength of the buffer zone also radiates from the town where it is located to the whole road. If it does not completely replace the county civil servant organization, it at least constitutes a parallel institution that intervenes or arbitrarily governs civil affairs. There are no certain regulations on the manager tax of "long-history replacement officials" in these provinces. However, judging from the existing historical data, they did not all create the system, but expanded and revised it on a large scale according to the principle of "two taxes". Land tax is generally raised, houses also have property tax, salt patents are severely punished, wine and vinegar are sold by officials, and re-export tax is levied on the import and export of goods in various places, which is usually controlled by soldiers and is called "the main hospital of the Ministry". In addition to the judges in the Tang Dynasty, there are also "military judges" in various departments. At this time, the dental army also had a "pawn tooth" responsible for management and logistics. These people then use military organizations to build a financial and tax system. The five dynasties inherited this system, and the tax revenue was generally raised to the highest limit, which was not found in the traditional history of China. After Zhao Yi pointed out in the Notes on the Twenty-two Histories, he also found it in the records of local chronicles (such as Huizhou Fuzhi 1566, which is a good example), just because the officials of the buffer region are generally hereditary, which is consistent with the local interests of the separatist regions. For the bureaucratic system, everything is controlled by the central government, which only cares about the integrity of the system and ignores the facts everywhere. On the one hand, the five dynasties recognized this military financial system, on the other hand, they gradually strengthened central control. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the standing army took its own name as its title, such as "mighty army" and "Changxing army". In the Five Dynasties, this law was followed, and the people under their jurisdiction were organized into armies, each with its own designated defense zones. So the whole country consists of dozens of military zones. The Five Dynasties Congress listed the process of thirty-six states being transferred to various services, which proved that the whole organization was indeed a huge military government. The setting of envoys in the Tang Dynasty reflected the trend of centralization. Tang emissary was originally a small official, which was established when the eunuch banned the army in the Tang Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, the Tang envoy obviously became a military and political minister who reported directly to the emperor and was not controlled by the prime minister. By contrast, there are three secretaries. The "three divisions" are salt and iron, household divisions and branch divisions. Generally speaking, salt and iron operation is a new type of commercial income, family operation is in charge of traditional agricultural income, and expenditure is in charge of transportation and cargo transshipment. Merging these responsibilities into one master also shows that the central government is financially concentrated and ready to deal with its military actions. In addition, in 926 AD, an official was appointed as "the secretary-seeking envoy of Sanchuan" in the late Tang Dynasty, and in 958, 34 people were sent to various states in the late Zhou Dynasty to investigate private rents, which made it more obvious that the trend of each region going its own way had passed. All these measures made considerable contributions to laying the foundation of the Song Dynasty. Traditional historians have not discussed much about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. If it is not "stealing friends and mixing titles", it is "stripping the law with severity, collecting the law with thickness and offering it". They don't know that at the turn of the Tang and Song Dynasties, military power and financial power were placed on the heads of local governments, making everything more compact and practical, and then centralized merger. Otherwise, it would be impossible to form a competitive system with cavalry as the backbone and agriculture as the support in the Northern Song Dynasty to deal with the new foreign invasion of northern minorities. In addition, the increase in armaments and taxes and the active use of transportation and currency were the only ways to stimulate economic growth in the Middle Ages. There are often only four or five "ten countries" in the south. This kind of territory and area is also easier to manage, and it is much more effective to develop the potential power of regional economy than to pay attention to unity and similarity in everything in a unified empire. Generally speaking, after the initial separatist struggle, countries began to recognize and respect the status quo of their neighbors. Hostages are returned, families are married, friendship is enhanced, and mutual accommodation is made in the poor harvest year. If it weren't for the invasion from the north, this arrangement would not be worse than the unified great empire. Qian Miao builds seawalls and water conservancy projects in Zhejiang. Wang opened a port in Fujian to promote international trade. Ma Yin planted tea in Hunan, and let people make their own tea for business travel, so that tea is sold to all parts of Central China. They also minted lead and iron money and used cheap money to promote private business. This kind of action is not something that the bureaucratic organization of the unified empire can create at will, and it can be competent and enjoyable. It's just that soldiers look up and the scribes stumble. These fifty-four years are not an occasion for great politicians to make contributions, let alone an opportunity for loyal ministers and martyrs to go down in history. Therefore, in this extraordinary period, a Feng Dao appeared, pleading for the common people and retaining the traditional logic of unifying government administration. For such a person who "despises the death of the monarch" and is "foolish, talented and unethical", ordinary historians can't praise or criticize him casually, so they have to regard him as an exceptional figure and let him pretend to be "Changle Lao".