With the development and progress of science and technology, the construction and decoration of high-grade stone materials are no longer the exclusive products of emperors and nobles. Today, natural stone has become a widely used building decoration material. In addition to being strong and durable, its unique luster, color and texture can add a gorgeous and noble temperament to the building. Therefore, it is used in hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, office buildings, entertainment buildings, etc. Centers, airports, subway stations, railway stations, etc. all use natural stone as decorative paving for floors, walls, and stairs. Although natural stone is strong and durable, it is still subject to weathering and aging by nature. Stone floors and stairs are even damaged due to friction, losing their due value. Therefore, stone surface maintenance has become a required course for property management and cleaning professionals. Spain is rich in high-grade stone, and its long history has made Spain the industry leader in stone mining, cutting, polishing and maintenance technology. Today, I specially compiled the Spanish stone surface maintenance technology and combined it with the actual domestic situation, and sincerely dedicated it to all managers and professionals as a reference. Characteristics of Natural Stones There are many types of natural stones, with more than 1,000 types documented so far, and each stone has its own characteristics. Even the same stone has its own differences in different places of origin. Having said that, we can still divide it into two major types: marble and granite based on chemical composition and crystal structure. 1.1 Marble Natural marble is a metamorphic rock whose main component is calcium carbonate. It was formed in the crustal movement in ancient times. Mineral deposits rich in calcium carbonate are transferred deep underground, where they form crystals and tightly aggregate under the influence of high temperature, pressure and groundwater. Because different amounts of minerals are mixed in during the formation process, including copper, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, etc., each has its own characteristics. It is also colorful and dynamic because of the metals containing different components, such as iron, copper, nickel, chromium, etc. . Marble has dense crystals and high compressive strength (100-200MPa), but its hardness is not high (S.H40-50), so it is not wear-resistant. If regular and reasonable maintenance is not carried out, it will easily age. The best method at present is crystal hardening. If we want to strictly distinguish marble, it can be classified into two categories: microcrystalline marble and granular marble. A. Microcrystalline marble. Most of the main body of this kind of marble is composed of fine calcium carbonate crystals tightly aggregated. There are very few other ingredients. Even if there is a small amount, it forms microcrystals and is evenly combined in the main body. Therefore, , almost no grains are visible to the naked eye. Most of the infiltrated textures and colors appear clear and straight, forming regular patterns. Most of the precious marble comes from this series. The microcrystalline marble has been carefully polished and treated with high-quality crystal hardening, and its gloss can reach over 100 degrees. Shi Dafu MP-3 marble crystal hard powder is a high-quality marble crystal hardener specially developed for microcrystalline marble. B. Common microcrystalline marble jazz white, golden flower beige, orange peel red, cream red, brown, black and white roots, etc. C. Granular marble This type of marble is still mainly composed of calcium carbonate, but has more silicon and magnesium components, and forms larger granular crystals. It can also be clearly seen with the naked eye, and the color penetrates along the crystal gaps. , lingering and intertwined, appearing and disappearing, often becoming a work of art of nature. The hardness of granular marble is generally higher than that of microcrystalline marble, and it is more wear-resistant, but its gloss is slightly worse than that of microcrystalline marble. After careful polishing and high-quality crystal hardening treatment, the gloss can reach 70-90 degrees. Grain crystal marble should pay more attention to reasonable maintenance, otherwise the surface grains will fall off and form obvious uneven surfaces. Shi Dafu MP-1 is most suitable for this type of marble. D. Common granular marble marble, white marble, Spanish beige, Italian flower green, cloud gray, Brazilian rose red, and black jade. Special note: In the construction industry, some sandy sedimentary rocks are often included in the marble category, but from the perspective of property management and maintenance, they should be classified into the granite category. Because sandy sedimentary rock contains more quartz and silicic acid compounds, its physical and chemical properties are close to granite, and it should be maintained in the same way as granite. It is not difficult to distinguish general sandy sedimentary rocks. After polishing, obvious quartz crystals (transparent and shiny) can be seen. Except for particularly dense varieties, pores can generally be seen between the crystals. Due to the sparse structure, the gloss is low. Common sandy sedimentary rocks: crystal white, white sandstone, wood grain red, and domestic large flower green.
1.2 Granite Natural granite rock is an igneous rock. Its main component is silicon dioxide, mixed with different amounts of sodium, potassium, aluminum, and magnesium oxides. When the magma cools, they form independent crystals under the action of high temperature and high pressure. And they are tightly aggregated into fully crystalline rocks. The crystals of granite are thick and dense, with high compressive strength (120-300MPa) and high hardness (S.H75-110). After fine polishing and crystal hardening treatment, high-quality granite can have a glossiness of 110 -120 degrees. It is an advanced building decoration material. Granite displays gorgeous colors because it contains elements such as iron, copper, chromium, manganese, and carbon. At the same time, some metal compounds can improve the wear resistance of granite. Therefore, when arranging granite renovation projects, if you encounter granite in deep red, dark green, dark brown and other colors, you must carefully calculate the labor hours and material expenses. , otherwise the budget may be greatly missed. Although granite has a dense structure and low water absorption (0.1%-0.7%), granite is an acidic rock and is hydrophilic. Water molecules can penetrate through the capillary pores of the crystal gaps, so it is used when there is groundwater or has been used After washing the granite floor with a large amount of water, obvious water marks will appear at the joints between stones. Therefore, automatic machines should be used as much as possible for granite floor washing to reduce the time that water stays on the ground. Granite, commonly known as granite, is derived from granite. It is inevitable that there will still be a small amount of concave pitting after polishing. In the granite structure, silicon dioxide forms quartz crystals, and other components form feldspar crystals and mica crystals. Quartz is very hard, feldspar is slightly soft, and mica is a flaky crystal. It will fall off and form concave pits with the slightest friction. Therefore, the mica content of granite and the mica grains will greatly affect its value. Granite can be classified into granular granite and flocculated granite. A. Granite granite is formed by the core part of magma slowly cooling under high temperature and high pressure environment. The quartz, feldspar, and mica crystals of granular granite are evenly distributed, causing regular bright spots and even flares to appear on the stone surface. If the mica crystals are thick, pitting will be obvious. Grained granite has high hardness. After careful polishing and high-quality crystal hardening treatment, it is as smooth as a mirror. It shines brightly in a uniform color tone and is exceptionally majestic and luxurious. The quartz crystals of granite granite are very hard, but the feldspar crystals are soft. In addition, there are pits formed by mica. Without reasonable maintenance, it will soon become uneven and even turn into rough stone. It is simply A waste of natural resources. Currently the best maintenance method is spar treatment. Common grained granite: large white, Indian red, Sichuan red, evergreen, brown diamond, gold sand black. B. Flocculite granite This kind of granite is the outer layer of magma, which is slowly cooled under high temperature, high pressure and underground water environment. Due to the presence of groundwater, the carbon dioxide forms extended flocculent quartz crystals, which are intertwiningly distributed among other crystals. At the same time, compounds of iron, copper, chromium, manganese, carbon and other elements can penetrate into the crystals, forming ever-changing colors and textures that appear and disappear, so that flocculated granite has the hardness and durability of granite. The variety of marble makes it a high-grade building decoration stone. Another characteristic of flocculated granite is that after careful grinding and polishing, fine wine vortices and rounded concave surfaces will appear on the stone surface, making the ground appear bright and clear from a distance, but slightly hazy when viewed up close. After being treated with spar, , giving people a romantic mood. The quartz of flocculated granite is unevenly distributed, and the parts with less quartz are more likely to wear and tear. Without reasonable maintenance, the stone surface will soon become irregular and wavy, which is a pity. At present, the best maintenance method is crystal hardening treatment. Common flocculated granite: spray white, tiger skin yellow, fantasy red, phoenix tail red, watercolor red, hot spring green.
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