The history of the development of aircraft
/bbs/topic.php?forumid=1110821688amp; filename=f_39
Since the Wright brothers first made an airplane in 1903 After powered flight, just over 70 years later, humans broke through the stratosphere and entered outer space. To this day, no surface in the world is safe from the prying eyes of satellites. Leonardo da Vinci's dreams and visions became reality.
Human beings are warlike creatures. It only took eight years from the realization of the beautiful dream of flying freely in the air to the death of the god of death. The first real air combat was only three years later.
With the advancement of science and technology, steam engines, electric motors, internal combustion engines and other power devices have come out one after another, and the source of power for balloons has been solved. As a result, people launched a comprehensive study on flying balloons-airships. In 1852, French engineer Giffard conducted research. In September of the same year, Giffard conducted its first test flight and was successful.
Subsequent tests revealed that there were many problems with the airship. The airbag's airbag was not only difficult to maintain a constant shape, but was also easily damaged. So, someone came up with the idea of ??fixing a ring-shaped keel inside the air bag and succeeded. This is a semi-rigid airship. Later, a flying enthusiast in Germany used wooden materials to make an external bracket for the airship airbag, and fixed the airbag in the bracket to maintain its shape, thus creating a rigid airship. This improvement not only completely solves the problem of maintaining the shape of the airbag, but also facilitates the handling of the airship. This structure gradually became the standard airship style in the future.
At the end of 1885, German engineer Benz and Daimler jointly invented a practical gasoline engine, giving mankind a power device with greater thrust. Since then, the development of aircraft has been faster and faster.
In 1898, Germany's Zeppelin designed and built a rigid airship for the first time. This kind of airship uses a structurally complete skeleton to maintain the shape of the airbag, and uses a piston engine as power, so it has good flight performance and a large load capacity. In 1900, Zeppelin caused a sensation when he successfully flew his huge rigid airship over Lake Constance. In 1903, the French LeBaudy brothers built the world's first truly practical airship. The airship flew 61 kilometers on November 12 of the same year.
Since then, the development of balloons and airships has entered its peak period, and has been widely used in the military and transportation fields. In terms of military affairs, Germany, France, Russia, Britain and other countries have successively established airship units and introduced airships to the battlefield. For example, in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911, Italy used three airships for the first time to conduct reconnaissance and bombing against Turkey; on August 5, 1914, Germany used Berlin airships to massively bomb the French fortress city of Liege; a year later, Germany dispatched five more LZ-38 Zeppelin airships to bomb London across the English Channel; killing 7 people and injuring more than 30 people, causing a "Zeppelin" panic among the British. In terms of transportation, Germany established a regular airship air route between Frankfurt and Dusseldorf on June 28, 1910. Flying on this route is the LZ-7 Zeppelin airship, which can carry 24 passengers and 12 aircrew and can fly at a speed of more than 70 kilometers per hour. In 1912, a Zeppelin flew around the world for the first time in 20 days.
On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers conducted the first powered, controllable sustained flight test in human history. During the test, the aircraft successfully flew a distance of about 260 meters. The Wright brothers' breakthrough was widely reported in the press. However, this success has not attracted the attention and recognition of the US government and the public. European countries simply expressed disbelief. Nine days after the Wright brothers' successful flight, an aircraft developed by Langley crashed during a test flight. This incident further affected the promotion of the aircraft. Americans generally attacked the development of aircraft as a waste of taxpayers' money.
The Wright brothers were disappointed that their hard work for several years was not recognized, and they even wanted to say goodbye to the airplane. After a period of calm thinking, the Wright brothers decided to continue the development work. They firmly believe that sooner or later their results will be fairly evaluated. In order not to arouse public criticism, the Wright brothers turned the development work into secret. In 1905, they built an airplane that could stay in the air for more than half an hour. The Wright brothers planned to donate the aircraft to the U.S. government, but the authorities continued to ignore their achievements. The frustrated Wright brothers had no choice but to temporarily suspend their research on aircraft.
Promoted by the achievements of the Wright brothers, the aviation industry in Europe, especially France, made significant progress in 1909. In August of this year, Reims, France hosted a grand flying rally, and European pilots successively set various flight records. However, it was the French pilot Louis Blériot who shocked the world. He successfully flew a plane across the English Channel and landed in Great Britain. This incident not only left a deep impression on the world public, but also shocked the British: they realized some sudden danger. The development of aircraft made them foresee that it would no longer be possible to ensure the security of their country simply by relying on maritime defense forces.
The continuous development of the aviation industry has made the military authorities of various countries realize the development prospects of aviation in the military field. Various powerful countries in Europe began to collect a variety of aircraft for use by the army. However, the aircraft at this time were mainly used for reconnaissance, and most of the aircraft development work was carried out by private individuals, so progress was quite slow. In Germany, people's interest was mainly focused on the huge Zeppelin airship, because previous public donations allowed Zeppelin to continue to work on the development of airships as a pioneer, and finally proved to the Germans that this airship was practical. value. In the other two major aviation countries, France and the United Kingdom, aircraft began to receive more attention.
However, soldiers are eager to use this new weapon in war. Although aircraft still had many problems at this time, and often even brought some disastrous consequences, soldiers whose profession itself was full of dangers could not care so much. As a result, the aircraft made its first appearance in the Italian-Turkish War.
In the Italian-Turkish War, the Italian Air Force's success in Tripoli initially demonstrated the power of aircraft and heralded revolutionary changes in the strategies and tactics of modern warfare, which attracted the attention and imitation of militaries around the world. , and greatly promoted the development of the military aviation industry. By the beginning of 1913, the real aviation force of the aviation power had been initially established, aircraft manufacturing plants of various sizes had been established, and the development process of military aircraft had begun. The "BE·2" aircraft produced by the British Royal Aircraft Factory is the product of the military's growing interest in aircraft. However, at that time, many private manufacturers were seeking to improve aircraft performance related to competitions, and because the military had not yet specified clear combat missions for the aircraft, there were no certain specifications when ordering aircraft. In addition to being easy to drive and being able to perform reconnaissance and search missions for the army and navy, the military has no other requirements for aircraft performance. Therefore, during this period, there was no standardization of aircraft models and components at all, and very little experimental work was done on aircraft ordnance and bomb delivery.
On the eve of the First World War, the first successful flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft was only 11 years old. Although the performance of the aircraft has been greatly improved since its birth, there are still many weaknesses. The aircraft's load capacity, flight speed, and range are still very small, and its operation and safety performance are also poor. Climate often has a decisive influence on flying. What is particularly important is that many military commanders do not yet have the strategic vision to understand the role of aircraft in future wars, and the main tasks they assign to aircraft are limited to reconnaissance and search. The result of the short-sightedness of the military was that the necessary foundations for the establishment of an aviation force were not laid in terms of organizational work.
Since aircraft were a new weapon, most senior commanders were skeptical about it, and mid-level commanders did not have the necessary experience for flight management. Therefore, the only feasible way at that time was to transfer low-level aviation service officers to Officers are promoted to fairly high command positions. Doing so has led to many new contradictions. Although these junior officers knew what the new unit was like and they had some practical experience, they were neither trained to make full use of the command authority consistent with their positions nor confident enough to communicate with those of their own rank. The authority to deal with commanders of other services. Besides, aviation itself is still a lower-level branch, and most new commanders are unwilling to take risks with less powerful items such as pistols and grenades. As a result, the work enthusiasm of those flight officers who were full of imagination, passion and enthusiasm was severely affected. What is even more serious is that some senior officers in the aviation force themselves lack understanding and vision of their own roles. However, the development and improvement of aircraft in the direction of actual combat is still proceeding slowly. Germany and France have already begun experimenting with installing machine guns on aircraft, and the United Kingdom and the United States are also conducting such experiments privately.
By the outbreak of World War I, Germany had one of the largest aviation forces in the world. This air force is composed of the Imperial Army Air Service and the Imperial Navy Air Service, which are subordinate to the army and navy respectively, and carry out land reconnaissance, intelligence collection, and maritime search and rescue missions. However, the focus of Germany's expansion of its aviation forces was not on aircraft, but on Zeppelins. They count on using these huge airships for tactical and strategic reconnaissance. However, the Germans ignored a very important fact, that is, the Zeppelin airship was extremely vulnerable to damage - in order to obtain valuable intelligence, the airship had to descend to a height where it might be hit by artillery fire, but the airship stored flammable gases , once hit by artillery fire, the consequences would be disastrous.
Of all the aircraft owned by Germany, about half are "pigeon" monoplanes. This very smooth-flying aircraft was successfully developed by the Austrian Ettrich and produced in Germany under contract; The remaining aircraft were pull-in biplanes. At that time, the basic tactical unit of the German aviation force was a flying squad. Each flying squad was composed of 6 aircraft. The entire aviation force had 41 squads. Thirty-four of these tactical units are assigned to army and corps-level commanders for use, and the remaining seven are organized into independent aviation squadrons under independent administrative leadership by the Army Aviation Inspectorate.
The French Army Aviation is second only to the German Aviation. The French Army Aviation is under the leadership of the Aviation Department of the French General Staff. The basic tactical unit is the flying squadron. The organization of the flying squadron varies depending on the type of aircraft. The two-seat aircraft squadron in AE Hong 1 consists of 6 aircraft, and the single-seat aircraft squadron consists of 10 aircraft. Before Wilbur Wright was invited to Europe in 1908, the main guiding ideology of the French in designing and producing aircraft was: the aircraft must be able to fly freely, and the driver's duty is only to control it, just like a driver driving a car. Those heavy and stable two-seater aircraft were developed based on this guiding ideology. After the great success of Wilbur's performance in Paris, the more challenging ideas of the Wright brothers deeply influenced a group of French people, and thus gave rise to new design perspectives. These people believe that real flight can only be accomplished by a basically unstable aircraft; throughout the flight, the pilot must control the aircraft like a jockey driving a horse, making it comply with his will. Those single-seat aircraft with strong flexibility are the product of this design idea. In addition, another important factor affecting the design idea is the type of engine. At that time, heavier aircraft tended to use water-cooled inline engines, which were quite powerful. Light aircraft tend to use pin-cylinder rotary engines. The cylinders of this engine are arranged in a star shape around the crankshaft. One end of the crankshaft is fixed on the fuselage, and the propeller is installed on the rotating crankshaft casing. This design makes the engine structure simple and compact, greatly reducing its size and weight. The flight performance of aircraft equipped with this engine is therefore improved.
At the same time, the British gradually noticed the necessity of developing aviation. In 1912, Britain established the Royal Flying Corps, which consisted of an Army Air Wing and a Naval Air Wing. Soon, the British established the Royal Air Service as an independent aviation force affiliated with the Navy. In this way, the British aviation force consists of the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service. The basic tactical unit of the British Air Force is the squadron. Each squadron is composed of 3 squadrons, each squadron is equipped with 4 aircraft. Above the squadrons are the wings and brigades. By the outbreak of World War I, the British Air Force had 56 aircraft. However, the types of British aircraft are extremely complex, with the few aircraft including nearly 10 models. Moreover, the British never planned to group aircraft of the same type together, but often mixed fast single-seat aircraft with a variety of low-speed aircraft, which greatly affected the effective performance of the aircraft. What's more serious is that the production scale of British aircraft is still too small and must rely on aircraft produced in France to meet its needs. This meant that the Royal Flying Corps would have to be constrained by France's aircraft production capabilities in wartime. Only after France met its own needs could British air power be supplemented and strengthened. It was not until 1916 that the British aircraft manufacturing industry began to basically meet the growing needs of the Royal Flying Corps.
By the outbreak of World War I, although aviation was still in its infancy, aircraft had already shown its extraordinary role and broad development prospects in practice. The weapons and equipment on aircraft have gradually evolved from pistols and grenades to machine guns and bombs. Subsequent war practice proved that the participation of aircraft in the war fundamentally changed the entire combat style and battlefield appearance of the war. The carnage of human beings also suddenly flew from the ground to the sea.
The two pictures above may look familiar. The landline of the number one ace of World War I, the "Red Baron" von Richthofen
In August 1914, it brought huge changes to human society. The catastrophic World War I broke out. This was a new type of war that was unpredictable at the time: huge armies, dense soldiers, and front lines that were facing each other for months or even years just a few meters apart... No one before the war would have expected that aircraft would be used in this war. However, the facts have proved to people that many styles of air combat were the seeds sown in this war. From then on, the idea of ??air combat began to linger in the minds of the world, and then changed the entire war. appearance.
For hundreds of years, the cavalry has viewed itself as the eyes of the Army because it can search for enemies and report enemy conditions to headquarters. However, in World War I, aircraft "threatened" the cavalry because an aircraft could complete the same reconnaissance mission at an altitude of several hundred feet, and the pilot could transmit the obtained intelligence within minutes. Submit to headquarters.
Reconnaissance is the first military application field of aircraft, and it is also the core mission of aircraft in the early days of the war. On September 3, 1914, a French reconnaissance plane discovered that the German army was no longer advancing around the western suburbs of Paris, but was heading east into the city, thus exposing their right wing. This intelligence enabled the French army to grasp the weaknesses of the German army. The French army seized the opportunity and launched the massive Battle of the Marne River, stopping the German attack and reversing the unfavorable situation on the battlefield.
The earliest aircraft were not equipped with weapons and were only used for reconnaissance. You flew over, and I flew over. When we met, we said hello and waved in a gentlemanly manner. But the good times did not last long, and soon the era of air combat arrived.
The first air battle in human history: During World War I, French pilot Andre flew a biplane to Liege, Belgium to perform a reconnaissance mission; at the same time, German pilot Hans was also flying The aircraft headed to the banks of the Marne River to perform the same mission. The two planes met head-on in the air. Hans waved to each other like a gentleman according to the pilot's rules, but Andre did not take this trick and instead stretched out his little finger to him mockingly. This insulting action made Hans furious.
The desire for revenge prompted Hans to immediately turn the nose of the plane and rush towards Andre. Andre did not show any weakness and circled back with the War Eagle and shook his little finger at Hans again. How unreasonable! Hans drew his gun and fired, and Andre also raised his gun to fire back. The two fought together in the air. However, the two of them missed the mark, neither of them could put the other to death, and soon they lost interest. So the two simply waved goodbye and went about their work. The first air battle in human history ended hastily.
However, the fighting spirit between the two people in the air made the military strategists suddenly enlightened. After Hans returned to camp, he complained, which greatly excited the Germans, and the first armed fighter in the history of human warfare was born
On October 5, 1914, French pilot Joseph Franz and a mechanical Sergeant Louis Caino, a pilot and observer, piloted a Vozan aircraft to patrol over his own position. This aircraft is compact, has two seats, and uses a pusher engine. The observer is located in the front of the boot-shaped nacelle and operates a 0.303-inch movable Lewis light machine gun. The Lewis light machine gun was one of the most advanced machine guns at the time. This machine gun is a lightweight air-cooled weapon designed by American Colonel Isaac Lewis in the early 20th century. It has a drum-shaped magazine containing 47-90 rounds of ammunition, which is inserted at the top of the receiver. After removing the barrel sleeve, the weight of the machine gun is reduced a lot, so it is a good airborne weapon. Sergeant Kaino mounted the machine gun on the nose of the aircraft, and the base of the machine gun was movable. He fiddled with the machine gun, doubting whether it was really effective and eager to have a chance to try it. Just when he couldn't help itching, an unlucky German Aviatic two-seater reconnaissance plane broke into his field of vision. Franz flew over with his plane, but the German plane did not rush to escape because the pilot did not see the terrifying machine gun. When the two planes were close, the terrifying machine gun spit out "tongues of fire", and the panicked German plane was hit and crashed in a short time. This was the first air battle with machine guns in the history of war, and the era of aerial pursuit and annihilation began.
In World War I, aircraft were also widely used in air-ground coordinated operations. In the Battle of Cambrai on November 20, 1917, the British army sent more than 1,000 aircraft to participate in the battle. These aircraft used the noise of low-altitude hovering to cover up the rumble of advancing tanks, supported the actions of ground troops with ground bombing and machine gun fire, and also bombed German artillery and headquarters. After 10 hours of fierce fighting, the British army broke through the German defense lines, captured more than 8,000 enemy soldiers, and seized more than 100 artillery pieces. On November 30, the German army launched a counterattack with the support of more than 1,000 aircraft, regained lost ground, captured more than 9,000 enemy soldiers, and seized 100 tanks and 148 artillery pieces. This battle was the first coordinated operation of tanks, aircraft, infantry, and artillery, laying the foundation for the emergence of coordinated battle theory. The aviation's low-altitude assault tactics also developed during this battle. During this period, the Germans were in a leading position in the use of aircraft to coordinate army operations. They specialized in the production of armored J-class aircraft and light CL-class aircraft for attacking ground targets.
Germany's J-class "Junkers" aircraft is the prototype of modern attack aircraft. Its fuselage is entirely made of aluminum alloy, with a downward-shooting machine gun installed on the belly of the aircraft, and a 5 mm thick steel plate around the cockpit. . The aircraft carries cluster grenades and hand-thrown light bombs, which can effectively perform ground attack missions. Germany also clarified the specific application methods of aviation in coordinated operations of various arms in the "Offensive in Positional Warfare" rules promulgated on January 26, 1918. On March 21, 1918, the Luftwaffe implemented this detail during the Picardy Offensive. The reconnaissance aviation unit first flew on schedule to conduct battlefield surveillance and collect intelligence, so that the command headquarters could keep track of the assault progress; the fighter aviation unit had "air superiority"; the assault aviation unit immediately entered the battle and violently strafed enemy infantry and artillery. The next day, the German infantry, supported by 30 attack aircraft, crushed the resistance of the British 50th and 61st Divisions. On the third day, the German assault aviation effectively blocked the advance of the British 5th Army Reserve and attacked the retreating British troops and baggage trains.
This campaign accumulated rich experience in the use of aviation in coordinated operations.
In August 1914, the British Royal Navy modified three seaplane carriers, each of which could carry three seaplanes. In November 1914, the Royal Navy decided to use these three seaplane carriers to launch an attack from the sea on a Zeppelin hangar south of Cuxhaven. This will be real naval aviation combat. The aircraft would take off from mother ships at sea and attack targets well beyond the combat radius of any land-based aircraft.
At 17:00 on December 24, a large fleet consisting of 3 seaplane carriers, 2 cruisers, 10 destroyers, and 10 submarines set off from Harwich. Under the cover of darkness, the fleet successfully passed through the North Sea at 4:30 a.m. and arrived at a predetermined position 40 nautical miles north of Wangaog, Frisian Islands, at 6:00 a.m.
==================================
Aircraft History of Development
/4089055.html
Early Aircraft of the Wright Brothers
At the beginning of this century there was a pair of brothers in the United States who made a significant contribution to the history of the development of aircraft in the world. Significant contributions were made by the Wright brothers. At that time, most people believed that it was completely impossible for an airplane to fly under its own power, but the Wright brothers did not believe this conclusion. From 1900 to 1902, the brothers conducted more than 1,000 gliding test flights, and finally made the first gliding test flight in 1903. "Aviator" 1, an aircraft that relies on its own power for manned flight, has successfully tested. They received the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor in 1909. In the same year, they founded the "Wright Aircraft Company". This is a great success achieved by mankind in the history of aircraft development. On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers piloted the pilot they built for the first sustained powered and controllable flight. . The plane took off from the ground in the early morning of December 17. The Wright brothers made three test flights that day. The first flight lasted 12 seconds, and the longest flight took 59 seconds, with a distance of about 260 meters. This picture shows an airplane built by the Wright brothers in 1903. In 1905, they built the world's first practical airplane, which could turn, tilt, fly in circles and figure eight, and could fly continuously for more than half an hour. Since then, human aviation has opened a new page.
New aircraft
Aerospace aircraft
Aerospace aircraft, also known as aerospace aircraft, is a kind of hypersonic transport aircraft and a space-to-ground round-trip transportation system. of reusable winged aircraft. It can take off from the airport runway, travel through the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds and enter space. After completing the space mission, it can re-enter the atmosphere and land horizontally at the airport. After simple maintenance, it can return to the sky in a short period of time and can be reused for several times. Ten to hundreds of times (Figure 6-7).
The aerospace plane has advantages that ordinary aircraft and spacecraft do not have: First, compared with ordinary transport aircraft, it can maneuver in the upper atmosphere or near space at a higher speed, greatly shortening the distance. Time to transit. For example, the German "Senger" aerospace plane only takes 3 hours and 15 minutes to travel from Frankfurt to Tokyo via Los Angeles, the American "New Orient Express" takes only 2 hours to travel from Washington to Beijing, and it only takes 1 hour to fly from Europe to Australia. Secondly, compared with previous single-use spacecraft and multiple partially reusable space shuttles, aerospace planes have many advantages in terms of reusability, airport level take-off and landing capabilities, flexibility, maintainability, go-around time, and launch operation costs. Significant improvements have been made in other aspects. Therefore, aerospace aircraft have very broad development prospects. It can not only carry out global hypersonic transportation, but also perform various space missions like the space shuttle.
In the 21st century, aerospace aircraft will usher in a new era of world aviation and space transportation and become the pride of soaring in the atmosphere and space.
Supersonic aircraft
At the turn of the century, the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Lawrence Livermore Laboratory announced a new design for a hypersonic aircraft with a speed of 10,720 kilometers per hour. Design blueprint.
Supersonic aircraft "jump" along the edge of the Earth's atmosphere, just like small rocks bouncing on water. When the plane climbed to an altitude of nearly 41,000 meters and was flying just outside the atmosphere, the pilot immediately turned off the engine and let the plane glide close to the edge of the atmosphere. Then he immediately started the engine and "jumped back" out of the atmosphere. The hypersonic aircraft will soar at 10 times the speed of sound, reaching a speed of 10,780 kilometers per hour. Its engine is half rocket, half jet, with the rocket used to gain altitude and the jet used for jumping. A hypersonic aircraft taking off from the American Midwest requires about 25 "hops" and can fly to Japan in one and a half hours. The current flight time from the United States to Japan is 10 and a half hours.
Atomic aircraft carrier
A lightweight, high-power atomic aircraft engine will be developed in the 21st century. A multi-purpose aircraft carrier equipped with this kind of engine can fly at a speed of Mach 6 in the stratosphere at an altitude of 19,000 meters. The aircraft carrier flies along the stratosphere and can fly around the earth in more than 6 hours. Through regional aircraft (internal aircraft) and aircraft carriers (external aircraft), major cities in the world are connected organically and at high speed. After the internal plane taking off from the ground flies into the aircraft carrier, passengers no longer have to sit in narrow seats. Instead, they can spend a pleasant air travel life in the aircraft carrier's luxurious restaurant or entertainment palace, and then board the aircraft after reaching the destination. Regional flights fly directly to your destination. This "non-landing flying base plan" is an ambitious plan thought up by people in the aviation industry to compete with the land-based "vacuum tunnel maglev supersonic train".
Regional aircraft only need to fly as far as the aircraft carrier, so they can carry less fuel and carry more passengers and supplies within a limited load. Atomic energy aircraft carriers do not need to take off and land, thus reducing overall costs. In addition, aircraft carriers also serve as space development bases. From this base, regular space shuttle flights or space tour boats can also take off and land to the newly built space city.
The application of airplanes
The invention of airplanes changed the human history of the 20th century to a certain extent. Not long after their invention, aircraft began to be widely used in the military field, performing multiple military tasks such as reconnaissance, bombing, and transportation. Nowadays, mastering air superiority has even become the key to the overall situation of the war. Military aircraft are also classified into more detailed categories, such as fighters, interceptors, attack aircraft, bombers, anti-submarine aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, early warning aircraft, electronic jammers, aerial tankers, carrier-based aircraft and military aircraft. Transport aircraft, etc.
Planes are also widely used for civilian purposes and have become an indispensable means of transportation in today's world. In addition, aircraft are also widely used in industry, agriculture, rescue, sports and other fields, such as geodetic surveying and mapping, geological exploration, resource survey, seeding and fertilization, forest fire prevention, etc.
The invention of the airplane also led to unprecedented development of the air transportation industry. Many raw materials needed for industrial development have new sources and channels, which greatly reduces people's dependence on local natural resources. Especially after the birth of supersonic aircraft, air transportation has become more prosperous. Livestock that are not suitable for long-term transportation and delicious food that is difficult to preserve for a long time can also be transported across the world by plane, giving people all over the world unlimited rewards and enjoyment. Lingnan lychees, which were not easy for even the imperial concubines to taste in the past, are now appearing in the homes of ordinary people.
As humans march deeper into the earth, aircraft are also widely used in geological exploration. Aircraft equipped with cameras or an electronic device called a Shoreland system can quickly and accurately map vast areas, including rugged and hard-to-reach places. By stitching together aerial photos one by one, you can create an excellent topographic map. This is much simpler and easier than the old surveying method. Even the ice-covered and inaccessible Arctic and Antarctic, which were once only accessible to explorers, can now be reached without difficulty by plane.
After nearly 100 years of development, modern aircraft have undergone significant changes in appearance, performance and other aspects compared to the aircraft developed by the Wright brothers. It intensively applies mechanics, thermodynamics, jet propulsion, computers, and vacuum technology. Many new achievements in engineering technology have not only enabled the flight speed to exceed the speed of sound, but also greatly enhanced the aircraft's target acquisition, identification and tracking, automatic control, all-weather flight, communications, navigation and other aspects of performance, and the aircraft's combat, maneuvering and survival Ability is significantly improved.