The origin of the Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896), a famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin dynamite. ) was established as a fund with part of his estate. The Nobel Prize includes a gold medal, certificate and bonus check.
Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He devoted his life to the research of explosives and made significant achievements in the research of nitroglycerin. He not only engaged in theoretical research, but also carried out industrial practice. He obtained 355 technological invention patents throughout his life, opened about 100 companies and factories in 20 countries on five continents, including Europe and the United States, and accumulated huge wealth.
On December 10, 1896, Nobel died in Italy. A year before his death, he left a will. In his will, he proposed to use part of his inheritance (US$9.2 million) as a fund, and use the interest to set up five prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, to be awarded to scholars from all over the world who have made significant contributions to mankind in these fields.
According to this, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation in June 1900, and the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. Since then, except for interruptions due to wartime, grand award ceremonies have been held on this day every year in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and Oslo, the capital of Norway.
In 1968, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the CCB, the Swedish Central Bank provided funds to add the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (full name: "Swedish Central Bank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Bernd Nobel", also Known as the "Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences"), it was awarded simultaneously with five other prizes starting in 1969. The selection principle of the Nobel Prize in Economics is to award those who have made significant valuable contributions in the field of economic research, with priority given to those who have made significant early contributions.
In 1990, Klaus Nobel, one of Nobel's great-nephews, proposed the addition of a Nobel Earth Prize to be awarded to winners with outstanding environmental achievements. The award was first awarded on the occasion of World Environment Day on June 5, 1991.
The amount of the Nobel Prize depends on the income of the foundation, which ranges from approximately 11,000 pounds (31,000 US dollars) to 30,000 pounds (72,000 US dollars). The face value of the bonus has increased year by year due to inflation. It was initially about more than 30,000 US dollars, in the 1960s it was 75,000 US dollars, and in the 1980s it reached more than 220,000 US dollars. The gold medal weighs about half a pound and contains 23K gold. The diameter of the medal is about 6.5 centimeters. On the front is a relief statue of Nobel. Different awards and medals have different decorations on the back. The design of each award certificate also has its own unique style. The award ceremony is grand and simple, with the number of attendees limited to 1,500 to 1,800 people each year. Men must wear tuxedos or national costumes, and women must wear serious evening gowns. The white and yellow flowers used in the ceremony must be flown in from San Morey. , which means respect for knowledge.
According to Nobel's will, throughout the selection process, winners will not be affected by any nationality, ethnicity, ideology or religion. The only criterion for selection is the size of their achievements.
In accordance with Nobel's will, the Physics and Chemistry Prizes are assessed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Physiology or Medicine Prize is assessed by the Royal Karolinska Institute of Sweden, the Literature Prize is assessed by the Swedish Academy, and the Peace Prize is assessed by the Norwegian Parliament. elected. The Economic Award is evaluated by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Each award-awarding unit has a Nobel Committee composed of five people responsible for the selection process. The committee is held every three years. The selection process is:
——From September each year to January 31 of the following year, candidates recommended for various Nobel Prizes are accepted. Usually 1,000-2,000 candidates are recommended each year.
——Recommended candidates include: previous Nobel Prize winners, Nobel Prize jury members, specially designated university professors, Nobel Prize jury invited professors, and Chairman of the Writers Association (Literature Award), international conferences and organizations (Peace Award).
——No self-recommendation is allowed.
——The Swedish and Norwegian governments have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize and cannot express support or opposition to the recommended candidates.
——Starting from February 1st, the various Nobel Prize committees will screen and review the recommended candidates, and the work status will be kept strictly confidential.
——In mid-October, the list of Nobel Prize winners will be announced.
——December 10th is the anniversary of Nobel’s death. On this day, the Nobel Prize awarding ceremonies were solemnly held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively. The King of Sweden attended and awarded the award.
There is no prize for mathematics in the Nobel Prize. Rumor has it that the person he likes is with a mathematician.
List of previous Nobel Prize winners
The first Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1901.
German scientist R?ntgen won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays.
Dutch scientist Van Tohoff won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his chemical kinetics and osmotic pressure laws.
German scientist Behring won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his use of serum therapy to prevent and treat diphtheria and tetanus.
The French writer Sully Prudhomme won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poems "Fate", "Happiness", "Eye" and other prose works; "On Art", "Fragments of Poetry" and other works.
Swiss Guinan founded the International Red Cross, and Frenchman Passy won the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the International Peace League and the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
The second Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1902.
Dutch scientist Lorenz won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his creation of the electron theory, and Dutch scientist Zeeman for his discovery of the Zeeman effect of magnetism on light.
German scientist Fisher won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesizing purine and its derivative peptides.
American scientist Ross won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering how malaria parasites are transmitted into the human body through the Anopheles mosquito.
Swiss Gobart won the Nobel Peace Prize for his creation of the International Peace Bureau, and Guikemeng won the Nobel Peace Prize for his promotion of peace and opposition to war.
German historian Theodore Mommsen won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
The third Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1903.
The French scientist Becquerel and the Curies both won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the phenomenon of natural radioactivity and the Curies for discovering the radioactive element radium.
Swedish scientist Arrhenius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of ionization of electrolyte solutions.
Danish scientist Finsen won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for treating skin diseases with photoradiation therapy.
Norwegian writer Bjornsson won the Nobel Prize for Literature for "History of Rome" and "Roman State Law".
Britain Creamer won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in arbitrating international disputes, promoting the international peace movement, and leading the International Workers' Association.
The fourth Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1904.
British scientist Rayleigh won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering argon.
British scientist Ramsey won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering six inert bodies and determining their positions in the periodic table of elements.
Russian scientist Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his great contribution to the study of digestive physiology.
The Spanish writer Echegale Esaguirre is famous for his plays "On the Hilt", "Last Night", "Doubt", etc., and the French writer Mistral is famous for his poem "Mi Haye", "Queen Renna", etc. and won the Nobel Prize for Literature together.
The International Law Association, established in 1873, won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting international peace and cooperation.
The fifth Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1905.
German scientist Lerner won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on cathode rays.
German scientist Bayer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on organic compounds such as organic dyes and aromatics.
German scientist Koch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his development of bacteriology.
Polish writer Sienkiewicz won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels "Trilogy" and "Where Are You Going".
Austrian strongwoman Sunnat won the Nobel Peace Prize for her active promotion of world peace.
The sixth Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1906.
British scientist Thomson won the Nobel Prize in Physics for studying the conductivity of gases.
French scientist Moissan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for isolating the element fluorine and inventing the Moissan furnace.
Italian scientist Gorgi and Spanish scientist Ramon Cajal both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on the structure of the nervous system.
The Italian writer Carduzzi won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poem "Ode to Satan" and his book "Studies of Early Italian Literature".
US President Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for successfully mediating the conflict between Japan and Russia.
The seventh Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1907.
American scientist Michelson won the Nobel Prize in Physics for measuring the speed of light.
German scientist Büchner won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of cell-free fermentation.
French scientists won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role of Plasmodium in causing disease.
The British writer Rudyard Kipling won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poem "Barrack Song" and novel "Jim".
The Italian Monetta was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his unremitting promotion of the idea of ??peace, and the Frenchman Reno set an example for resolving international disputes.
The eighth Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1908.
French scientist Lippmann won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the reproduction of color photographs.
British scientist Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the transformation of elements and radiochemistry.
German scientist Ehrlich invented "606" and Russian scientist Mechnikov both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on immunity.
German writer Euken won the Nobel Prize for Literature for "Views of Life of Great Thinkers".
The Swedish Arnoldsson worked hard to peacefully dissolve the Norwegian-Swedish alliance, and the Dane Baye jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize for his active participation in the international peace movement.
The ninth Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1909.
Italian scientist Marconi and German scientist Braun both won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention of wireless telegraphy technology.
German scientist Ostwald won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering work in catalysis, chemical equilibrium and reaction rates.
Swiss scientist Kocher won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on thyroid physiology, pathology and surgery.
Swedish writer Lagerl?f won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "The Story of Gusta Behring".
The Belgian Bernat was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating international disputes and seeking to limit armaments, and the Frenchman DeConstant was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting reconciliation between France and the United States.
The 10th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1910.
Dutch scientist Van der Waals won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on gas and liquid state engineering.
German scientist Wallach won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his pioneering work in alicyclic chemical synthesis.
Russian scientist Kosell won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on cell chemistry proteins and nucleoplasm.
German writer Heizer won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels "The Proud Child" and "Amour of Heaven and Earth".
The International Peace Bureau, established in 1891, won the Nobel Peace Prize for maintaining world peace and promoting international cooperation.
The 11th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1911.
German scientist Wien won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the law of thermal radiation.
French scientist Marie Curie (Marie Curie) won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering radium and polonium and isolating radium.
Swedish scientist Gulstrand won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on eye refraction.
Belgian writer Maeterlinck won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his plays "The Blue Bird" and "Monavana".
The Austrian Fried won the Nobel Peace Prize for creating several publications promoting peace and establishing the International Press Association.
The 12th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1912.
Dutch scientist Darren won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of the automatic beacon light regulator.
German scientist Grignard discovered the Grignard reagent method for organic hydrides, and French scientist Sabatier won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studying the application of metal catalytic hydrogenation in organic synthesis. award.
French doctor Carrel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for blood vessel suturing and organ transplantation.
German writer Hauptmann won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his play "The Weavers".
American Root won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting the signing of 24 bilateral arbitration agreements.
The 13th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1913.
Dutch scientist Carmen Lynonnis won the Nobel Prize in Physics for studying the properties of matter at low temperatures and producing liquid helium.
Swiss scientist Werner won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his role in atomic bonding in molecules.
French scientist Richet won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on allergies.
Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poems such as "Crescent Moon Collection" and "Gitanjali".
Belgian diplomat Lafontaine won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting the Geneva Peace Conference to pass a resolution to prevent air war.
The 14th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1914.
German scientist Laue won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of X-ray diffraction in crystals.
American scientist Richards won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for accurately determining the atomic weights of several elements.
Austrian scientist Baranyi won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on vestibular organs.
The 15th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1915.
British scientists William Henry Bragg and Wellcome Lawrence Bragg, father and son, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their use of X-rays to analyze crystal structures.
German scientist Will Tait won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the chemical structure of chlorophyll.
French writer Romain Rolland won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "Johan Christophe".
The 16th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1916.
Swedish writer Heidenstein won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poem "The Age of Pilgrimage and Wandering".
The 17th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1917.
British scientist Bachla won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the characteristic emission of X-rays from elements.
The Danish writer Gillerup is famous for his novel "The German Migrant Workers", and the Danish writer Pontoppidan is famous for his novels "The Land of Hope", "Lucky Peter" and "The Kingdom of the Underworld"** *Won the Nobel Prize for Literature.
The International Committee of the Red Cross, established in 1863, won the Nobel Peace Prize for its extensive work in establishing communications between prisoners of war and their families.
The 18th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1918.
German scientist Max Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his creation of quantum theory and discovery of fundamental quanta.
German scientist Haber won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his synthesis of ammonia.
Note: Only two Nobel Prizes will be awarded this year
The 19th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1919.
German scientist Stark won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the Doppler effect of positive ion rays and the splitting of light in electric fields.
Belgian scientist Borde won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering immunity and establishing a new immunological diagnostic method.
Swiss writer Spitler won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his epic poem "Olympian Spring".
US President Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for his initiative to create the League of Nations.
The 20th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1920.
Swiss scientist Guillaume won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering anomalous properties in alloys.
German scientist Nernst won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the third law of thermodynamics. (Reissued in 1921)
The Danish scientist Krog won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the regulation mechanism of capillaries.
Norwegian writer Hamsun won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels "Growth of the Land" and "Victoria".
The Frenchman Boltswain won the Nobel Peace Prize for his great work in founding the League of Nations.
The 21st Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1921.
Einstein, a German-American scientist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics for elucidating the principle of the photoelectric effect.
British scientist Soddy won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on radiochemistry and the existence and properties of isotopes.
French writer France won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "Modern History".
The Swede Branyan and the Norwegian Lange both won the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating international peace.
The 22nd Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1922.
Danish scientist Bohr won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on atomic structure and radiation.
British scientist Aston won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for using a mass spectrometer to discover multiple isotopes and discover atoms.
British scientist Hill won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of muscle thermogenesis, and German scientist Meyerhof for his study of oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism in muscles.
The Spanish writer Benavente Martinez won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his scripts "Stakes" and "Saturday Night".
Norwegian Nansen won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership in international famine relief efforts.
The 23rd Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1923.
American scientist Millikan won the Nobel Prize in Physics for measuring electron charge and studying the photoelectric effect.
Austrian scientist Pregel won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his microanalysis of organic matter.
Canadian scientist Banting and British scientist MacLeod both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of insulin.
Irish writer Yeats won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poetic drama "Catherine of Holihen".
The 24th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1924.
Swedish scientist Sigban won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on X-ray spectroscopy.
Dutch scientist Einthoven won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the mechanism of electrocardiography.
Polish writer Lemont won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "Peasants".
The 25th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1925.
German scientists Frank and Hertz jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for elucidating the energy conversion law of atoms affected by electron collisions.
Austrian scientist Sigmundi won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for elucidating the complex phase properties of colloidal solutions.
Irish writer Bernard Shaw won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his play "Joan of Arc".
British Prime Minister Chamberlain won the Nobel Peace Prize for planning the signing of the "Locarno Convention", and the American Dawes for formulating the Dawes Plan.
The 26th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1926.
French scientist Perrin won the Nobel Prize in Physics for studying discontinuities in the structure of matter and determining atomic weights.
Swedish scientist Svedborg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of a high-speed centrifuge and its use in research on highly dispersed colloidal substances.
Danish doctor Fiebiger won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on cancer.
The Italian writer Deledda won the Nobel Prize for Literature for her novels "After Divorce", "Ashes" and "Mother".
The Frenchman Briand won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting the signing of the "Locarno Peace Treaty" and the German Stresemann for his contribution to the understanding of European countries.
The 27th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1927.
American scientist Compton discovered the wavelength change of scattered X-rays, and British scientist Wilson jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing a cloud chamber that can see the trajectories of charged particles.
German scientist Wieland won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering cholic acid and its chemical structure.
Austrian doctor Jaur Legg won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on psychiatry and treatment of paralytic dementia.
French philosopher Bergson won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his philosophical work "Creative Evolution".
The Frenchman Bisson for his multi-faceted pursuit of peace and reconciliation with France and Germany, and the German Quaid for his opposition to illegal military training, both won the Nobel Peace Prize.
The 28th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1928.
British scientist Richardson won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the basic law of the relationship between electron emission and temperature.
German scientist Windaus won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studying the relationship between propanol and its vitamins.
French scientist Nicol won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on typhus.
Norwegian female writer Undset won the Nobel Prize for Literature for her novel "Christine Lavran's Daughter".
The 29th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1929.
French scientist de Broglie won the Nobel Prize in Physics for proposing that particles have wave-particle binomial properties.
British scientist Harden and Swedish scientist Oyler Scherpin both received the Nobel Prize for their research on the fermentation of sugar and the role of enzymes in fermentation. Bell Prize in Chemistry.
Dutch scientist Ekman discovered vitamin B1 to prevent and treat beriberi, and British scientist Hopkins jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering vitamins that promote life growth.
German writer Mann won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "The Buddenbrooks".
American Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in signing the "Kellogg-Briand Pact".
The 30th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1930.
Indian scientist Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics for studying the scattering of light and discovering the Raman effect.
German scientist Fischer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studying heme and chlorophyll and synthesizing heme.
American scientist Lance Steiner won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for studying the classification of human blood types and discovering the four main blood types.
American writer Lewis won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels "Main Street" and "Babbitt".
Swede S?derblom won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to seek world peace.
The 31st Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1931.
German scientists Bosch and Bergerons jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their invention of the high-pressure method applied to high pressure.
German scientist Warburg won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the properties of respiratory enzymes.
Swedish writer Karl Felt won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his collection of poems "The Wasteland and Love Songs".
American Adams won the Nobel Peace Prize for fighting for the rights of women and black immigrants, and American Butler for promoting international mutual understanding.
The 32nd Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1932.
German scientist Heisenberg won the Nobel Prize in Physics for proposing the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics.
American scientist Langmuir won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for proposing and studying surface chemistry.
British scientist Adrian won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the function of neurons, and British scientist Sherrington for his discovery of the laws of central nervous reflex activity.
British writer Galsworthy won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "The Forsytes".
The 33rd Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1933.
British scientist Dirac and Austrian scientist Schr?dinger won the Nobel Prize in Physics for establishing the wave equation in quantum mechanics.
American scientist Morgan won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his creation of the theory of chromosome inheritance.
Soviet writer Bunin won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
Englishman Angell won the Nobel Peace Prize for proving the absurdity of arguing that war would bring benefits to the country.
The 34th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1934.
American scientist Yuri won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of heavy hydrogen.
American scientists Minot, Murphy, and Whipple jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering liver preparations for the treatment of anemia.
The Italian writer Pirandello won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his play "Six Characters in Search of the Author".
Englishman Henderson won the Nobel Peace Prize for his enthusiasm in reducing armaments.
The 35th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1935.
British scientist Chadwick won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the neutron.
French scientist Joliot Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his synthesis of artificial radioactive elements.
German scientist Spellman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the tissue effects of embryos.
The German Ossietzky won the Nobel Peace Prize for exposing Germany's secret rearmament.
The 36th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1936.
Austrian scientist Hess for his discovery of cosmic radiation and American scientist Andlin for his discovery of positrons both won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Dutch scientist Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the dipole moment and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
British scientist Dale and German scientist Levi both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
American writer O'Neill won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his plays "The End of the World" and "Desire Under the Elms".
Argentine Llamas won the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to ending the war in Bolivia and Paraguay.
The 37th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1937.
American scientist Davidson and British scientist Thomson first won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the diffraction phenomenon of electrons in crystals.
British scientist Howorn was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on carbohydrates and vitamins, Swiss scientist Carle for his research on carotene, flavin and vitamins, and Hungarian scientist Centurion Centurion for his discovery of vitamin C. Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
French writer Martin Dugar won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "Jean Barois".
British Cecil won the Nobel Peace Prize for maintaining international peace.
The 38th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1938.
Italian scientist Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics for using neutron radiation to produce artificial radioactive elements.
German scientist Kuhn won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on carotenoids and vitamins. However, he was forced to give up receiving the award due to the obstruction of the Nazis.
Belgian scientist Heymans won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the role of the carotid sinus and aortic sinus in respiratory regulation.
American female writer Pearl Buck won the Nobel Prize for Literature for her novel "The Good Earth".
The Goshen International Refugee Office, established in 1931, won the Nobel Peace Prize.
The 39th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1939.
American scientist Lawrence won the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the cyclotron.
German scientist Butnant won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on sex hormones, and Swiss scientist Luzica for his work on polymethene and sex hormones. Butnant was forced to give up accepting the award due to obstruction by the Nazis.
German scientist Domarck won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the antibacterial effect of sulfonamides, but gave up the prize due to obstruction by the Nazis.
Finnish writer Sirenpe won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "People on a Summer Night".
The Nobel Prizes from 1940 to 1942 were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.
The 43rd Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1943.
American scientist Stern won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the proton's magnetic moment.
Hungarian scientist Hevesy won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for using isotopes as tracers in chemical research.
Danish scientist Damm discovered vitamin K, and American scientist Doisy won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for studying the chemical properties of vitamin K.
The 44th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1944.
American scientist Rabi won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
German scientist Hahn won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of fission of heavy atomic nuclei.
American scientists Erlanger and Gasser discovered the high degree of functional differentiation of a single nerve fiber, and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Danish writer Jensen won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his historical novel "The Long Journey".
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to the International Committee of the Red Cross for funding its work.
The 45th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1945.
Austrian scientist Pauli won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the quantum exclusion principle.
Finnish scientist Virtanen won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of the acidification method for storing fresh feed.
British scientists Fleming, Florey, and Chain won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of penicillin and its clinical effectiveness.
Chilean writer Mistral won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his achievements in Spanish poetry.
American Hull won the Nobel Peace Prize for promoting the birth of the United Nations.
The 46th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1946.
American scientist Bridgeman won the Nobel Prize in Physics for a series of discoveries in high-pressure physics.
American scientist Sumner discovered enzyme crystals, and American scientists Northrop and Stanley jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for producing pure crystals of enzymes and pathogenic proteins.
American scientist Mahler won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering mutations caused by X-ray irradiation.
Swiss writer Hesse won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novel "The Glass Bead Game" and other works.
American Balch participated in the founding of the American Women's League of Trade Unions, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and American Mott jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize for his creation of world-wide Christian organizations.
The 47th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1947.
British scientist Appleton won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the Upton layer, a high-altitude radio shortwave ionosphere.
British scientist Robinson won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on alkaloids and other plant products.
American scientists Corey and his wife won the Nobel Prize for their discovery of the catalytic effect of pituitary hormones on glycogen in the process of sugar metabolism, and Argentinian scientist José for his study of the effects of pituitary hormones on animal metabolism. Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
French writer Gide won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels "The Moral Contemptist" and "Pastoral Symphony".
The British Quakers, established in 1927, established activity centers around the world for relieving refugees from various countries. The American Quakers, established in 1917, became famous for relieving refugees from various countries, especially women and children. Won the Nobel Peace Prize.
The 48th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1948.
British scientist Blackett won the Nobel Prize in Physics for some discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation.
Swedish scientist Tiselius won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis of serum proteins.
Swiss scientist Miller won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for synthesizing the highly efficient organic pesticide DDT.
The British writer Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his poem "Four Quartets".
The 49th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1949.
Japanese scientist Hideki Yukawa won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of mesons.
American scientist Giorgi won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studying the properties of materials at ultra-low temperatures.
The Swiss Hess discovered that the midbrain has the function of regulating visceral activity, and the Portuguese scientist Moniz both won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the efficacy of lobotomy in treating mental illness.
American scientist Faulkner won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his contribution to contemporary American fiction.
British man Boyd Orr won the Nobel Peace Prize.
The 50th Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1950.
British scientist Powell won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on nuclear photography and discovery of mesons.
German scientists Diels and Alder jointly won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering and developing the dilute synthesis method.
American scientist Hench was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of cortisone treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, American scientist Kendall and Swiss scientist Lechstein were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research on adrenocortical hormones, their structure and biological effects. Bell Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
British writer Russell won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his works "defending humanitarian ideals".
American Bench won the Nobel Peace Prize for his participation in mediating the Arab-Israeli war and presiding over the signing of the armistice agreement.
The 51st Nobel Prize was awarded on December 10, 1951.
British scientist Cockcroft and Irish scientist Walton first won the Nobel Prize in Physics for accelerating particles to transmute atomic nuclei.
American scientists