(A) Made in China is "world-famous"
Due to the international division of labor and the global flow of factors, developed countries gradually give up high-cost production links in their own countries and transfer all or part of the intermediate links of products to China. A world brand, such as LV, has a high reputation in the international market, but you won't be surprised if you find it is made in China. From refrigerators, color TVs, set-top boxes to shirts, shoes and hats, and hair clips, all goods consumed in developed countries can be found in China. According to statistics, among the ten pairs of shoes worn by Americans, seven pairs are made in China, and products made in China are widely distributed in seven continents. However, "Made in China" is not entirely made in China. Even if the work of sewing buttons on Armani coats is done by women in China, and China Port is the export base, it can be regarded as made in China. In fact, China didn't manufacture so many products independently, but developed countries gave China the cheapest, most time-consuming and labor-intensive production links. As the largest trading country in the world, China seems to be very important, but its competitiveness and efficiency are far from perfect.
(B) the low profit chain under the smile curve
At present, the international industrial chain tends to extend to a deeper level, and the industrial chain of products crosses national boundaries. Except for the R&D and design of new products, other products such as standardized production, sales and after-sales service are carried out abroad. Although the production chain beyond national boundaries is value-added, the production relationship determines the different positions of the two sides in the division of labor. Developed countries dominate the relationship between value creation and distribution, while developing countries obey the instructions of standardized production in developed countries, and their production and service links are subordinate to leading countries.
The industrial division chain represented by the smile curve vividly expresses the obvious hierarchical relationship and the status of developing countries. The narrow area at the bottom of the smile is the production area of the so-called "world factory". In this regard, developing countries such as China do low-tech work according to the requirements of leading countries, and use abundant resources and low labor costs to realize the large-scale operation of products. It seems that China has joined the global division of labor and played an indispensable role, but the weight of this role is so light. The left and right ends of the smile curve refer to innovative design and global marketing, and its infinite extension also vividly expresses the infinite profits of leading industries in the division of labor.
(C) "China Processing Factory" is not competitive.
China's Pearl River Delta, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and South Fujian are the main areas to undertake processing trade. Due to the relative lack of core technology, its production links depend on foreign countries, and the requirements on material selection and manufacturing technology are strict, resulting in low technical content and low added value in its domestic processing links. For example, most audio-visual products such as color TV, DVD and MP3 exported from China rely on foreign core technologies, and electronic components are produced, assembled and exported at home. Their prices are low, and most of them are OEM, so they can't compete with big brands in Europe and America.
In addition, foreign enterprises in China keep high-tech technology strictly confidential and blocked, and China's production enterprises are far behind. They can only rely on the advantages of labor and resources to attract foreign companies to import core components, and then assemble them at home and then export them. In recent years, mechanical and electrical products have grown rapidly. It seems that China is very strong in the field of processing and manufacturing, but the fact is that it is strong outside and hollow inside. After CRT color TV gradually withdrew from the market, the production and export of flat-panel color TV in China gradually increased, but its core technology and patents came from South Korea, Japan and the United States. In the financial tsunami of 2008, many enterprises specializing in OEM and entrusted processing received refund forms and even closed down. The market leader is actually the competition of competitiveness. Whoever has a strong technical or brand advantage can laugh longer and gallop further.
(4) Processing trade accounts for half of the country.
Since the reform and opening up, China's processing trade has experienced various forms of special customs supervision areas such as export processing zones, bonded zones and bonded logistics parks, which greatly promoted the development of China's processing trade. By the end of 2009, there were 93 customs supervision areas, including 57 functional areas mainly for export processing and manufacturing and 36 functional areas mainly for bonded logistics. 1980, the total import and export value of processing trade was 167 billion USD, accounting for 4.4% of the total import and export value of that year. To 20 10/1577.7 billion, accounting for 38.9% of the total value of imports and exports. In 20 10, the actual amount of foreign capital utilized in China was 105735 billion US dollars, of which processing trade accounted for more than half.
Among the export products, the export of mechanical and electrical products accounts for more than 70% of processing trade. Notebooks, digital cameras, mobile phones and other products produced in China Export Processing Zone have accounted for 70% of the world's total output, realizing the agglomeration effect of high-tech products. At present, China's export volume and market share of mechanical and electrical products are second only to Germany. The export proportion of electromechanical processing trade is significant, accounting for about 80% of the export share, while general trade only accounts for about 10%. In addition, most of these processing enterprises are wholly foreign-owned enterprises and Sino-foreign joint ventures. The export of wholly foreign-owned enterprises accounts for more than 60% of the total export, and after the export of Sino-foreign joint ventures, the export of foreign-funded enterprises accounts for more than 80% of the total export.
China's strategic choice to deal with the transfer of international division of labor
(1) Give full play to comparative advantages and actively participate in the international division of labor.
Developed countries keep their core technologies at home and transfer labor-intensive industries to China, focusing on the advantages of low labor costs and more competitive product prices. This shows that China's comparative advantage is still concentrated in labor-intensive industries. With the improvement of technical level, the technical connotation of labor-intensive industries in China is also rising. Many labor-intensive technology links and capital-intensive export products have infiltrated higher-level technology. For example, mechanical and electrical products have labor-intensive production links, accounting for the first proportion of industrial manufactured goods exports. The transfer of labor-intensive industries to China has also provided a large number of jobs. In Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and other places, foreign-funded enterprises account for more than half of the total number of local enterprises, which has a positive effect on improving employment level and cultivating technical talents.
(B) from the low end of the processing chain to the upstream transfer
Although labor-intensive industries represent China's comparative advantage, with the process of globalization and the changes of economic situation, if this advantage does not conform to the trend and stays in the lower processing chain, relying only on the labor advantage, only as a subsidiary industry of innovative countries, it will have no right to speak in the fierce competition and will eventually be replaced by countries with more advantages. Under the influence of the American subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, the proportion and growth rate of China's exports declined, and enterprises mainly engaged in processing trade such as the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta were hit hard. As the dependence on exports from developed countries exceeds 50%, when the crisis hit Europe and the United States, the withdrawal of foreign capital and the cancellation of orders by foreign investors had a huge negative impact on China's processing trade enterprises. There were insufficient start-ups, fewer jobs and a significant decrease in business volume. If China enterprises are always satisfied with low-end processing and manufacturing to get processing fees, they will always stay in the weakest link of global industrial division of labor, and have no initiative and right to speak. Only through continuous industrial upgrading and technological innovation, mastering core technologies and cultivating R&D teams can we have the opportunity to compete with European and American countries.
(3) The transfer from China manufacturing to China creation.
In the industrial chain of global division of labor, China manufacturing is undoubtedly a brilliant stroke. From light industry, chemical industry to heavy industry, every product in every industry is made in China. However, China, a big manufacturing country, has no place in international brands. Since 1990s, international luxury brands have set up OEM production lines in China. By 2009, 60% of international luxury brands have their own production lines in China, and some enterprises in China, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Dongguan and Wenzhou, Zhejiang are engaged in international luxury OEM production. Armani, Boss, Dzheniya, Ralph Lauren and other world-renowned luxury brands are mostly produced in China. Although the label "Made in China" is very impressive, the actual price paid to China is nothing to mention. Technology creates industry. Only when enterprises pay constant attention to R&D and innovation, the industrial upgrading led by technology and strength will make China enterprises step onto the historical stage. Haier, Gree and Lenovo in China are all trying to promote the development of manufacturing industry with the upgrading of information industry, and improve the labor efficiency of supporting industries with the technological innovation of manufacturing industry, so as to enhance the competitiveness of the whole industry.
At the same time of technological innovation, we can't ignore the power of brand. The combination of brand and technology reflects the core competitiveness of the industry. No amount of OEM production can compare with national brands and world-famous brands. The reason why Italy is second to none in the field of high-end clothing and clothing customization is directly related to its many world brands. Italy has a first-class fashion designer in the field of fashion design, with superb design concepts and accurate grasp of fashion trends, thus forming a cohesive force of comparative advantages, and its competitiveness in fashion design and cloth production lags far behind other countries.
(D) "going out" and exploring the international market
China enterprises are highly dependent on foreign trade, and a large number of foreign-funded enterprises have become the main export force, posing a certain threat to national industries. The stronger the dependence on developed countries, the greater the impact on the economy when it fluctuates. China enterprises should not stand in these innovative countries with technological advantages. In the process of industrial upgrading, they should make the market as large and complete as possible, combine horizontal division of labor with vertical division of labor, and strengthen industrial cooperation with countries with similar development levels, such as oil exploration cooperation with African countries and tertiary industry cooperation with Southeast Asian countries, which will enhance the independent upgrading of China's industries. In 2005, China became the region that attracted the most foreign investment from developing countries, and the proportion of export enterprises with foreign investment as the main force exceeded 60%. Most of these enterprises are processing trade enterprises. To enhance the competitiveness of national industries, more private capital and transnational capital are necessary. The operation of multinational enterprises in the world market will expand China's overseas market, enhance the popularity of China enterprises and reduce trade frictions with European and American countries. "Bringing in" is not the ultimate goal, but "going out".