According to records, since about 1 BC, the ancients ignited by rubbing, twisting or drilling wood, or by the impact of flint. Later, the pneumatic principle was used to ignite-an ignition pump or a pneumatic igniter. In the Middle Ages, the Frenchman Dumont referred to a pneumatic igniter with improved quality. From the 14th or 15th century to the early 19th century, the impact igniter was very popular. At the end of 17th century, a Thuringian igniter with tinder and sulfur matches appeared. In addition, there is the so-called "fuse igniter".
The convex lens that has been used as igniter since 13th century was popularized at the end of 18th century. In 1823, German chemist Debele Werner invented a lighter named after his surname. Debele Na was a pharmacist, and in 181 he became a professor of chemistry and pharmacology at the University of Jena. Before his death, he put forward many measures to improve the dyeing method, studied the catalytic effects of platinum, nickel and manganese dioxide, and made the Debele Na igniter on the basis of these studies. In 1812, Berthollet, a Frenchman, discovered combustible gas in various chemical experiments, and later generations made an immersion lighter according to Berthollet's invention.
In p>1823, German chemist Bebelena discovered in the laboratory that hydrogen would catch fire when it met platinum cotton. This discovery inspired him to try out lighters. Debele Na uses a small glass cylinder to hold a proper amount of dilute sulfuric acid, and the cylinder is equipped with an inner tube, which is filled with zinc flake. The glass cylinder is equipped with a top cover with a nozzle, platinum wool and a switch, and the zinc flake in the inner tube contacts with sulfuric acid to generate hydrogen. The pressure generated by a certain amount of hydrogen will discharge the sulfuric acid in the inner tube into the glass tube. When the switch is turned on, the hydrogen in the inner tube will rush to the platinum cotton and catch fire. The pressure in the inner tube and the glass tube is re-balanced, and sulfuric acid enters the inner tube again, and reacts with the zinc sheet to generate hydrogen. So the world's first lighter was born. However, it has some shortcomings, such as large volume, inconvenient carrying, fragile glass shell and danger of sulfuric acid overflow, and it has not been popularized.
In p>192, a wick lighter appeared in France. The wick was impregnated with saltpeter powder and easily ignited by sparks. Later, it was changed to a benzene lighter in which the wick was impregnated with benzene. This kind of lighter sometimes leaks fuel and needs to be replaced frequently.
During World War II, ammunition experts used piezoelectric effect to detonate bombs. The front end of the bomb is equipped with crystals like potassium sodium tartrate and some ceramics. When it is strongly impacted, it will generate high-voltage charge in an instant and detonate the explosive. After the war, Japan successfully applied the piezoelectric effect to lighters, generating a high voltage of 6-8 volts within 3,-4, seconds, so that the generated sparks ignited butane, saving dry batteries or flint.
After World War II, gas fuel lighters appeared, gradually replacing benzene wick lighters. The butane gas extracted from natural gas is compressed into a lighter. When in use, the butane gas is sprayed from the top nozzle of the lighter and ignited by the lighter. The flame size can be controlled by adjusting the amount of gas sprayed. After the butane gas is exhausted, it can be filled from the valve at the bottom of the lighter.
after p>19, some pocket lighters were trial-produced, such as roller lighters and friction lighters. The efforts made to reduce smoke finally made the popular gas lighter come out in 195, and now there are very popular induction lighters, fingerprint lighters and so on. The most commonly used electronic lighter is light, convenient and very practical. Nowadays, the lighter industry is developed in Zhejiang Province and Shaodong County. Zhejiang's products are mainly aimed at middle and high grade, while Shaodong's products are mainly aimed at middle grade, but they have already marched into high grade products. Many people regard the United States as the birthplace of lighters, but in fact, this little thing that will get angry originated in Britain. In 1917, during the First World War, a strange poster appeared in front of some tobacco shops in Britain. A soldier was holding a cigarette in his mouth, a rifle in one hand and a gadget that would get angry in the other. People who don't know the details think that the British army has introduced some new weapons. In fact, it is just a lighter that has long been known to everyone today.
It is reported that the lighter was invented by a young London man named Alfred Danhill. At that time, he learned that front-line soldiers wanted to smoke, but they often couldn't light the matches because they were wet. So he decided to develop a lighter that is easy to carry without getting wet. Later, with the help of a chemist, he invented a lighter composed of a metal shell and a top cover structure. This improved lighter was not put into mass production until 1924, and most front-line smokers had not had time to use it before World War I was over.
The manufacturing center of lighters in the world has been transferred to China, and China has obvious labor cost advantages. Every year, more than 15 billion lighters are produced in China, of which more than 6.5 billion are exported. A relatively complete industrial cluster of plastic lighters has been formed, including raw material supply, parts manufacturing and product assembly. The most important production bases are Ningbo (mainly producing plastic electronic lighters), Guangdong (mainly producing plastic grinding wheel lighters) and Wenzhou (mainly producing metal lighters). However, the competition in the industry is fierce and the degree of marketization is very high. There are more than 1, domestic manufacturers of lighters, and there are about 3 manufacturers with a production capacity of over 1 million. The main companies of lighters in the world include French listed company BIC, Swedish listed company SWEDISH MATCH, Japanese TOKAI and Spanish FLAMAGAS, and the company ranks fourth in the world in sales. The lighters manufacturers in TOKAI and China have occupied more than 95% of the global lighter market.
China has become a major producer and exporter of electronic lighters, accounting for 7% of the world's total output. In 195s, except for a few brands of lighters, gasoline lighters generally could not avoid the problem of oil leakage. How can you stand the pollution of gasoline when you go in and out of noble places? In addition, if ordinary gasoline is used, the taste is considered to destroy the taste of tobacco. At this time, the petrochemical industry has been able to extract a large number of pure methane (the main component of natural gas). Because the products of pure methane combustion are only water and carbon dioxide, tobacco connoisseurs greatly admire it.
In p>1952, Dupont introduced a brand-new gas lighter with more precise structure and purer gas. The fuselage is mainly made of brass plated with gold or silver, and China lacquer (although it is called China lacquer, it is actually Chinese lacquer and Japanese hand-processed) is used extensively, and then it is engraved with exquisite patterns and ornamentation, which is very exquisite in workmanship. In 1977, Dupont entered the era of sound. Dupont has introduced a unique Ligne2 lighter: when the cover is lifted, the lighter will make a "ding" sound, which is crisp and pleasant, becoming Dupont's signature sound. The sound is made by a metal block installed in the cover of the machine, and what is even more amazing is that people can adjust the frequency of the sound like a piano. Once launched, it was recognized as the embodiment of dignity by the world's upper class. This iconic sound was retained on every subsequent Dupont lighter.
French people who pursue dignity and spare no expense
cheese and red wine are full of fantasy. On January 6th, 1941, Lucien and Andre, two sons of S.T.Dupont, obtained patents for their aluminum lighters. When he shared champagne with his friends that day, no one thought that 6 years later, people would still remember that moment.
The Solitaire lighter, Diamond 6, launched on the occasion of the 6th anniversary of Dupont lighter, has 6 beautiful diamonds embedded in the Solitaire2 series lighter, which means that Dupont lighter has been shining for 6 years. The layout of Diamond 6 is simple, and the platinum body is like a mirror, reflecting the luxurious brilliance of American diamonds. Only the top products will do so at the expense of work. Just like the 8.-liter, W-type 16-cylinder engine, the power is shocking (1 horsepower) in the Bugatti Veyron sports car, which has a "sound" color. In ancient times, a very rough earthen paper roll was made into a compact paper roll, which was ignited by fire and then blown out. At this time, although there was no flame, red bright spots could be seen burning faintly, just like the embers in the ashes, which could last for a long time. When it needs to be ignited, it can be rekindled by blowing, but blowing is very skillful, and it needs a sudden, short and powerful air supply to ignite.
It is said in the book that it is used for night raids, and the demonstrator told me that it was used for pumping cigarettes in the past. Maybe it's a military and a civilian. That's phosphorus and some oxygen-prone substances. When the temperature is high, it will fully contact with oxygen and react violently and burn when it is blown with the mouth or thrown quickly. The reason is still very simple.
The mysterious real fire-folding is a piece of grass paper that is easily ignited. In the past, it was mostly used to light a cigarette and light a fire in the countryside. Fire folding (folding) child fire sickle, flint and fire folding are a set, and fire folding is a simple lighting and lighting appliance that is easy to carry. The method of making the fire passbook is to soak white (red) potato vines in water, take them out and beat them flat, then soak them with cotton and reed tassels, beat them again, dry them in the sun, add nitrate, sulfur, rosin, camphor, etc., fold them into a flat tube or twist them into a rope, put them in a bamboo tube at night as if they were burning without fire, and take them out and burn them immediately when using them.
Who invented matches? According to records, the earliest matches were invented by our country in 577 AD. At that time, during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were many wars, and the Northern Qi Dynasty was under attack from both sides, and there was a shortage of materials. Because of the lack of kindling, cooking was a problem. At that time, a group of ladies-in-waiting magically invented matches, but the matches in ancient China were just a kindling material. Later, it was introduced to Europe during the Polo period in Kyle. Later, on this basis, Europeans invented modern matches that were once called "matches". "Foreign fire" can make a fire by friction.
The man who invented this kind of match was Walker of England. In 1826, he made paste-like antimony sulfide and potassium chloride from gum and water, coated them on the match stems and pulled them on sandpaper to create a fire.
However, the matches produced in the early stage have two fatal shortcomings: (1) Yellow phosphorus is very rare and easy to spontaneously ignite when heated, which is very dangerous; (2) Yellow phosphorus is toxic, and the workers who make matches will be poisoned if they are not careful.
In 1852, the safety match was invented after the improvement of the Swedes from Tatstrom. With phosphorus and sulfur compounds as ignition materials, it is necessary to rub on the box coated with red phosphorus to make a fire, which improves the safety. Since matches were invented in the North and South Dynasties, how did the predecessors make a fire? It turns out that the ancients used two sticks to rub against each other to make a fire, and then used flint and iron pieces, but it took a long time to make a fire, which took one or two minutes.
The appearance of matches has made people's lives more convenient. In modern times, lighters and electronic lighters have gradually replaced the traditional matches, but matches have its own unique side, that is, the flame color it produces is the most beautiful.
The appearance of matches not only brings convenience to our human life, but also contributes to the progress of world civilization. I believe many people have read The Match Girl written by Andersen. This well-known fairy tale was written in 1848. At that time, the invention of friction matches was only ten years' effort, but he also wrote a fairy tale "The Lightbox" in 1835, about a magical flint, both old and new in the 19th century. Or some people think matches are insignificant things, but have you ever thought that if there were no matches, our life might be as inconvenient as drilling for wood to make a fire? Therefore, matches that really rely on friction are invented later than lighters!