The project started in May 1961 and ended successfully in December 1972. It took about 11 years and cost 25.5 billion US dollars. Six missions to the moon were completed, and 12 people were sent to the moon and returned to the ground safely. At the peak of the project, 2, enterprises, more than 2 universities and more than 8 scientific research institutions participated in the project, with a total number of more than 3, people. The Apollo program not only achieved the political goal of the United States catching up with the Soviet Union, but also promoted the all-round development of computer technology, communication technology, measurement and control technology, rocket technology, laser technology, material technology and medical technology in the United States and the world in the 196s and 197s, raising the overall level of science and technology to a brand-new level. The entire Apollo moon landing program won more than 3, patents. On the economic front, according to statistics, every dollar invested in the Apollo program brought about an average benefit of about 5 dollars.
[b] Apollo missions [/b]
The Apollo program includes 11 manned missions, from Apollo 7 to Apollo 17, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Apollo 4 to Apollo 6 are unmanned test flights (officially no Apollo 2 and Apollo 3).
[img]/data/BBS/27/8/278/A/7/3/26/qvbptexpmscx6g = = _ ljahovjfrxx.jpg [/img]
Apollo 1
[img]/data/BBS/27. Astronauts Wilkie Gleason, Edward White and Roger Chaffey were killed in a fire tonight. At that time, the fire engulfed their Apollo 1 spacecraft. Originally planned to launch the spacecraft on February 21st and put them into Earth orbit for 14 days, they died on the ground during the simulation exercise of this launch.
[img]/data/BBS/27/8/278/A/7/3/26/qvbptexpmsc6ww = = _ ifcwqdq78wwr.jpg [/img]
Officials from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration said that it was probably an electric spark that ignited the pure oxygen in the cockpit of the Apollo spacecraft. The three astronauts sat side by side on the top of Saturn 1 rocket on the launch pad 34 at Cape Kennedy as if they were really flying. At 6: 31 pm that day, a fire broke out.
[img]/data/BBS/27/8/278/A/7/3/26/qvbptexpmscy1q = _ ti4p3ouhfhwu.jpg [/img]
[img]/data/BBS/27/8/278. Emergency personnel tried to get close to them, but they were stopped by the smoke billowing from the cabin. The Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration collected all the information related to the fire. Officials said: "The loss of personnel and spacecraft has dealt a serious blow to Apollo's moon landing program. Faced with the difficulty of budget cuts, the Apollo program has been working hard to reach the moon in the late 196s.
[img]/data/bbs/27/8/278/ A/7/3/26/qvbptexpnycx6g = = _ mkvkrchwmsa.jpg [/img]
Apollo 7
Propulsion device: Mars 1B rocket
A/7/3/26/qvbptexpnydiyw = _ mqflrnlbcg.jpg [/img]
Crew: Sheila, Eisele and Cunningham
[img]/data/BBS/27/8/278/A/7/3/27.
[img]/data/BBS/27/8/278/A/7/3/26/qvbptexpnydg8a = _ nr3jw6gzyxx.jpg [/img]
The flight time is 1 days and 2 hours, and * * flies around the earth for 163 times. Live television broadcast on the first manned spacecraft. [/color][/size]
b] Apollo manned moon landing project [/b]
First, the moon landing plan: including demonstrating the flight path of the spacecraft to the moon and determining the overall layout of the manned spacecraft. The lunar orbit rendezvous scheme is selected from the three flight schemes of Apollo spacecraft, and the overall layout scheme of the spacecraft consisting of command module, service module and lunar module is determined accordingly.
second, auxiliary plans: the four auxiliary plans for preparing for the flight to the moon are as follows: ① "Wanderer" probe plan (1961-1965): * * * Launch nine probes and take 18, photos of the lunar surface in different lunar orbits to understand the possibility of the spacecraft landing on the lunar surface. ② "Surveyor" probe plan (1966-1968): * * * launched five automatic probes to make a soft landing on the lunar surface, sent back 86, photos of Zhang Yue surface through TV, and detected the physical and chemical characteristics data of lunar soil. (3) "Lunar Orbiter Circulator" project (1966-1967): * * * Launching three probes flying around the moon, taking high-resolution photos of more than 4 pre-selected landing areas, and obtaining more than l small-scale high-resolution photos of the moon surface, and selecting about 1 expected landing sites accordingly. ④ "Gemini" Spacecraft Plan (1965-1966): Ten spaceships with two astronauts each were launched successively to conduct medical and biological research, maneuver the spaceships, dock and train for extra-vehicular activities.
launch vehicle: The Apollo spacecraft was launched by the Saturn launch vehicle with high thrust. The development of launch vehicles is divided into two stages: ① Saturn 1 and 1B are developed to gain the development experience of large launch vehicles and carry out the flight test of Apollo spacecraft. (2) Develop Saturn 5 giant 3-stage launch vehicle as the vehicle for the spacecraft to land on the moon.
iv. test flight: from 1966 to 1968, six unmanned flight tests were carried out to identify the command module, service module and lunar module of the spacecraft in near-earth orbit and test the power device of the lunar module. In 1968-1969, Apollo 7, 8 and 9 were launched for manned flight test. It is mainly used for the simulation test of flying around the earth and the moon and the descent of the lunar module from the orbit around the moon, the orbital maneuver flight and the simulated rendezvous, and the separation and docking of the lunar module and the command module. According to the time required for landing on the moon, the flight lasted for 11 days to test the reliability of the spacecraft. Apollo 1, launched on May 18th, 1969, made a full-scale exercise flight to the moon. It circled the moon for 31 times, and two astronauts descended to a height of 15.2 kilometers from the moon surface in the lunar module.
5. Apollo spacecraft: The Apollo spacecraft consists of three parts: the command module, the service module and the lunar module.
1. Command module-the cockpit where astronauts live and work in flight, and it is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The command module is conical, 3.2 meters high and weighs about 6 tons. The command module is divided into three parts: front module, astronaut module and rear module. Landing components, recovery equipment and attitude control engine are placed in the front cabin. The astronaut cabin is a sealed cabin, which contains necessities and life-saving equipment for astronauts to live for 14 days. There are 1 attitude control engines, various instruments and tanks in the back cabin, as well as attitude control, guidance and navigation systems, shipboard computers and radio subsystems.
2. service cabin-the front end is connected with the command cabin, and the rear end is provided with the main engine nozzle of the propulsion system. The cabin is cylindrical with a height of 6. 7 meters, 4 meters in diameter and weighing about 25 tons. The main engine is used for track transfer and orbit change maneuver. The attitude control system consists of 16 rocket engines, which are also used to separate the spacecraft from the third stage rocket, dock the lunar module with the command module and separate the command module from the service module.
3. lunar module-consists of descending stage and ascending stage. when taking off from the ground, it weighs 14.7 tons, is 4.3 meters wide and has a maximum height of about 7 meters. ① Descent stage: It consists of landing engine, four landing legs and four instrument cabins. ② Upward upgrade: it is the main body of the lunar module. After the astronauts completed the lunar surface movement, they drove up and upgraded to return to the orbit around the moon to meet the command module. The upper upgrade consists of astronaut cockpit, return engine, propellant tank, instrument cabin and control system. Astronaut seat; The cabin can accommodate two astronauts (but there is no seat), and it is equipped with navigation, control, communication, life support and power supply.
4. Flying to the Moon-Apollo 11 spacecraft first realized the ideal of landing a man on the moon on July 2-21, 1969. Since then, the United States has launched the Apollo spacecraft six times, five of which were successful. A total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon.
up to the last Apollo 17 landing on the moon in December, 1972, 12 astronauts landed on the surface of the moon. This series of moon landing activities has greatly enriched human understanding of the moon. Every "Apollo" flight carried out extensive investigations on the surface of the moon, and collected a large number of moon rocks and soil samples, including 44 kilograms of moon rocks brought back from the moon to the earth. "Apollo" flight also installed many instruments on the moon for scientific research, such as solar wind experiment and lunar earthquake measurement. [/color][/size]
Looking at China's manned space program
After adjustment, China's manned space program is finally on the right track, and the first launch
test is scheduled for 1999. China's manned spaceflight project is divided into seven major systems, namely, spacecraft system, launch vehicle system, astronaut system, launch site system, ground measurement and control system and landing site system. Each system includes several subsystems. For example, the space < P > spacecraft system includes flight control subsystem, load subsystem and life support subsystem.
It can be said that compared with China's scientific and technological strength, China's manned space program is no less complicated
than the American Apollo program.
China manned space program is the most important scientific and technological system project in China since "two bombs and one satellite"
. Including Wang Yongzhi, Qi Faren, Wang Dechen and Min Guirong, a large number of senior experts from China Aerospace < P > took charge of the decision-making, design and command of this project. More than 1, aerospace engineers and soldiers from China Aerospace Industry Corporation, PLA General Armament Department (formerly known as the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense) and the Central Committee participated in the development of this complex system project.
China's manned spaceflight project costs a lot, which is estimated to total tens of billions of RMB, all of which will be borne by the state investment. China has successively built an assembly tower and launch pad for assembling and launching new fire < P > arrows, as well as a series of command, measurement and control facilities. China has also built the largest vibration test tower and microgravity drop tower in Asia to simulate the whole process of spacecraft flying. It is particularly worth mentioning that the < P > Space Environment Simulation Center, located in the valley in the western suburbs of Beijing, has built the world-leading simulation equipment for the whole process of manned spacecraft.
here, the manned spacecraft is put into a huge vacuum tank, and a low-temperature loop in space is established. The state of space flight is simulated by a simulator, and the vacuum performance of the spacecraft is tested. The
facility ranks first in Asia, second only to similar facilities in the United States and Russia.
Although China has long possessed the ability to carry out manned space flight strategically, there are still many problems to be solved in the implementation of this project. The most critical technology,
is the safe and reliable spacecraft returning technique. On the earlier < P > series of "Jian Bing" satellites, China has been able to skillfully use spacecraft returning technique, and has created 13 consecutive < P > satellite return and recovery successes. This has accumulated a lot of experience for the implementation of manned space program. Now, with China's manned space program, it is believed that China's spacecraft return < P > recovery technology has reached a higher level.
Other key technologies include controlling the complex on-orbit attitude of manned spacecraft, high-altitude rocket engine, astronaut life support system and global uninterrupted ground command and control
network. It is believed that China has made a breakthrough in these fields, and is < P > gradually moving towards technical maturity.
3. China manned space launch vehicle
It can be said that as early as 1976, China had a launch vehicle that could be used to launch manned spacecraft
. Looking at the Long March series of launch vehicles, except for the Long March 1, which has a slightly smaller carrying capacity,
all the other models have a carrying capacity of more than 2,5 kilograms, and are fully capable of sending small spaceships into low-earth orbit. Therefore, among all the key technologies < P > carrying China's manned space program, launch vehicle technology is the most mature.
The main task of the launch vehicle system of China's manned space program is to select an existing
certain type of rocket and redesign it to meet the special requirements of the launch spacecraft and greatly improve its reliability. After a series of comparisons, China finally chose Long March 2
E-bound launch vehicle as the prototype of manned space launch vehicle. Long March 2 E-bound < P > carrier rocket has been used to launch large-scale communication satellites at home and abroad for many times, and its reliability has reached < P > to more than 95%, and it has been tested by actual launch. At the same time, this type of launch vehicle has a low-earth orbit carrying capacity of p>9.7 tons, which provides a larger capacity space for carrying a larger manned spacecraft.
In order to make the Long March 2 E-bound launch vehicle meet the requirements of manned space program, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology carried out