time
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65438+1960s ~ 65438+mid-9th century.
region
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Western Europe, North America.
British industrial revolution
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Britain is the birthplace of the industrial revolution. The British Industrial Revolution began in the 1960s of 18 and was basically completed in the 40s of 19. It is no accident that the industrial revolution began in Britain, which has profound political, socio-economic and scientific and technological preconditions.
Reasons for the rise:
/kloc-The British bourgeois revolution in the middle of the 0/7th century overthrew the feudal autocracy in Britain and established a constitutional monarchy based on the alliance between the bourgeoisie and the land aristocracy, thus becoming the first country in the world to establish bourgeois political rule. The bourgeoisie used state power to accelerate the implementation of policies and measures to develop capitalism, which promoted the rapid formation of various preconditions for the industrial revolution.
The bourgeoisie accumulated huge wealth through large-scale foreign plunder and the national debt system and consumption tax policy implemented at home, which provided the necessary monetary funds for the industrial revolution; The large-scale enclosure movement provided a large number of "free" labor and a broad domestic market for the industrial revolution.
The vigorous development of workshop handicraft industry has trained a large number of skilled workers with rich practical experience, creating conditions for the invention and application of machines; The development and achievements of natural science, especially Newton's mechanics and mathematics, laid a scientific theoretical foundation for the emergence of machines.
The flourishing workshop handicraft industry has accumulated rich knowledge of production technology and increased output, but it still cannot meet the expanding market demand. Therefore, a revolution in the mode of production is coming.
The industrial revolution first appeared in the cotton textile industry with the most developed handicraft industry. 1733, mechanic Kay invented the flying shuttle, which greatly improved the weaving speed, and cotton yarn was suddenly in short supply. 1765, the weaver Hargreaves invented the Jenny spinning machine, which greatly increased the output of cotton yarn. The appearance of "Jenny spinning machine" first triggered a chain reaction of cotton textile industry to invent machines and carry out technological innovation, which opened the prelude to the industrial revolution. Since then, the spinning machine, water jet loom and other machines have appeared in the cotton textile industry. Soon, in many industrial sectors, such as coal mining and metallurgy, there was also machine production.
With the increase of machine output, the original power such as animal power, water power and wind power can no longer meet the needs. 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was put into use, which provided more convenient power and quickly popularized, greatly promoting the popularization and development of the machine. Thus, human society entered the "age of steam".
With the gradual replacement of manual operation by machine production in industrial production, a new production organization form-factory has emerged.
1840 or so, the production of large machines in Britain has basically replaced factory workers, and the industrial revolution has basically been completed. Britain became the first industrial country in the world.