Fun little production of "Homemade Kongming Lantern"
(1) Use tissue paper to cut into pieces of paper with the specifications shown in the picture. Glue one side of the first piece of paper to one side of the second piece of paper, then glue the third piece, the fourth piece... in turn until it forms a ball with two ends open and a diameter of about 60 cm. .
(2) Cut another round piece of tissue paper and cover the round hole on it. After drying, inflate the balloon, find a thin and narrow bamboo strip, bend it into a bamboo ring the same size as the hole below, cross two mutually perpendicular thin wires in the bamboo ring, and tie it firmly to the bamboo ring. , and then glue the bamboo circle firmly to the edge of the paper in the hole below, so that the balloon formed by the paste cannot leak.
(3) Light the alcohol cotton ball and tie it in the center of the wire. After the air inside the balloon is heated, the balloon will rise straight from the ground to the sky.
(4) This is because the air inside the balloon expands due to heat and moves part of the way outward, causing the buoyancy force of the air to be greater than the weight of the balloon (including the hot air inside the balloon), so the balloon will rise.
How to write an expository essay
Answer: An expository essay is a style of writing that uses explanation as its main mode of expression. The general elements of an expository essay are characteristics, composition, principles and purposes. In an expository essay, attention should be paid to the order and description of the expository essay. The language of explanation, use necessary explanation methods. You should also pay attention to these when writing expository essays. First of all, you must be familiar with the object of explanation. You must know what characteristics of the object you want to tell readers and how to make readers understand the characteristics of the object you are explaining. Then when describing complex objects, you must Using explanatory methods and choosing appropriate explanatory methods will be of great help in writing good expository essays; in addition, the language of expository essays must also be concise, smooth, and express clearly.
Expository writing is a kind of writing that uses explanation as the main way of expression to introduce and explain things and events. Expository texts generally have three characteristics: First, the content is scientific. The content of the explanatory text must be true and accurate, based on solid materials, truthfully reflect the characteristics, essence and laws of objective things, and be rigorously scientific. Second, structural organization. Things and events are sometimes quite complex. In order to give readers a clear understanding, their characteristics must be explained in a certain order and order. Common explanation orders include chronological order (program order is also a type of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. This order of explanation is often reflected in the structural level of the article, so when reading expository texts, clarifying the structural level is consistent with grasping the order of explanation. Third, the accuracy of language. Expository writing is very practical. If the language expression is "missing", the result will be "a thousand miles wrong". Therefore, the language of expository writing must be accurate and give readers a scientific understanding. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology, expository texts are used more and more widely. Textbooks, popular science readings, knowledge sketches, commentary, instructions, etc. in various disciplines are all expository texts. It can be said that expository writing is very closely related to our daily study, life, and work.
How to read and analyze expository texts?
First, grasp the explanatory objects and characteristics. When reading expository texts, you must first accurately grasp the object of explanation, so as to distinguish between explanatory texts of affairs and explanatory texts of things, and further understand the explanatory content. Then we must focus on grasping the characteristics of the object of description. This is the key to analyzing an expository essay. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the explanatory object can we deeply understand the explanatory object and use this as a breakthrough to clarify the structural level and central content of the article.
To accurately grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation, you must carefully read and understand the text content, especially pay attention to carefully figure out the key sentences (central sentences, transitional sentences, sentences that reflect the author's ideas, and sentences that appear repeatedly in the article) .
Second, clarify the structure and analyze the sequence. The structure of the expository essay is not complicated. Common structural forms include the "general (general) - sub (specific)" formula, "general (general) - sub (specific) - general (general)", "divided (specific) - general (Overview)" formula, parallel formula, progressive formula, etc. Clarifying the structure can help us understand the author's thinking and understand the main points of the content more clearly. The order of instructions varies. The order of explanation depends on the characteristics of the object of explanation and the purpose of explanation. There are three commonly used explanation orders: chronological order, spatial order, and logical order.
Sometimes an article can use several explanation orders. In addition to the chronological order of ancient times and then the present, it can also be explained in a logical order of first generalization and then specificity, and first the whole and then the part. Various sequences have certain signs in language. When reading, grasp the language with certain symbolic functions, and you can analyze and explain the sequence more smoothly. In short, the structure of the expository text and the order of explanation are inseparable and complementary to each other, and can be carried out simultaneously during analysis.
Third, analysis and explanation methods. In order to explain clearly the characteristics of things, appropriate explanation methods must be used. Common explanation methods include examples, numbers, metaphors, comparisons, classifications, definitions, explanations, diagrams, etc. Read the explanatory text and understand the explanation method it uses. First, look at the explanation method used, what object is explained, and what effect it has. Second, look at the language form in which the explanation method is expressed.
, so that the analysis can be thorough and solid.
Fourth, understand the language characteristics of expository writing. Accuracy and conciseness are the main characteristics of expository language. Of course, the language styles of expository texts are also diverse and have their own characteristics. Some are known for being plain, while others are known for being lively and lively. Based on this, it can be summarized into two methods: plain explanation and vivid explanation. Generally speaking, expository texts that mainly explain things focus on grasping the characteristics of things and explaining them plainly in concise language.
Science sketches should be interesting and artistic, and need to provide necessary vivid and vivid explanations.
In the high school entrance examinations in various places, the main test points for expository reading ability are:
1. Be able to clarify the description object, grasp its characteristics, and have an overall perception of the full text;
2. Divide the structure of the article and the levels of paragraphs, clarify the order of explanations, and master the ideas for the layout of the article;
3. Analyze the article's description methods and their functions;
4. Find the key words and sentences in the article (center words, key sentences), and understand their role in the article (analyze from the aspects of meaning and structure);
5. Understand the expression characteristics of language and accurately evaluate the modifying and limiting effects of words.
Grasp the object of explanation and its characteristics
Overview of oral knowledge
To read an expository text, you must first understand the object of explanation, grasp the category of explanation, and then grasp Describe the characteristics of the object. The "Outline" stipulates that junior high school students can "perceive the general content of the text as a whole" and can "grasp the center of a text and find the key sentences." When it comes to expository reading, specifically, the knowledge and ability training points are:
1. Perceive the content of the article as a whole, grasp the explanation object, and distinguish between explanations of things and explanations of affairs;
2. Analyze the content of the article and grasp the characteristics of the description object.
Guidelines for Oral Review
1. How to grasp the object of explanation and distinguish between explanations of things and explanations of affairs? The object of explanation, that is, the topic explained in the article, is mainly divided into two aspects: First, Specific things, including the state, nature, function and characteristics of things; the second is abstract things, including the essence of things, the internal connections within things or between things.
2. How to analyze the content of the article and grasp it Explain the characteristics of objects?
Introduce the shape, nature, and composition of things, and explain the causes, functions, relationships, etc. of things. All must grasp the characteristics of things. The so-called "characteristics" are the signs that distinguish one thing from other things. To understand the characteristics of things, we cannot stop at the appearance, but must understand the inner essence of things. So, how to grasp the characteristics of things? You can also start from two aspects:
First, focus on the title. Some titles not only point out the object of the article, but also point out its characteristics. The title points out the object and also points out its characteristics. Some titles use the form of a question to guide readers to grasp the characteristics of the object in a targeted manner.
Second, start with analyzing the material, that is, analyze paragraph by paragraph which features of the thing the author introduced, and then summarize. The author has clearly pointed out the essential characteristics of some things in the article. Look for these key sentences when reading.
2. Clarify the structure of the article and analyze the order of explanations
Overview of oral knowledge
When reading an expository article, pay attention to clarifying the structure of the article.
The so-called "structure" refers to the organization and arrangement of article content, mainly referring to the beginning and end, levels and paragraphs, transitions and anaphora. The structure of the expository text and the order of explanation are closely related, and both are necessary conditions for the explanation of the content to be organized. Therefore, while clarifying the structure of the article, it is also necessary to analyze the order of explanation. The "Outline" stipulates that junior high school students can "see the connection between various parts of the text and generally understand the ideas and central meaning of the text." Implemented in expository reading, specifically, the knowledge and ability training points are:
1. Able to clarify the structure of articles and divide them into paragraphs and levels;
2. Able to analyze the sequence of explanations and find key phrases indicating the sequence.
Oral Review Guide
1. How to clarify the structure of the article and divide it into paragraphs and levels?
The structure of the expository article (the focus is on paragraphs and levels) is relatively clear . It is usually divided into three
parts: the beginning introduces the object of description, the middle describes the object in detail, and the end summarizes the object
of description. Common structural forms are:
1. Total score. When explaining things or events, there is a total-score relationship between paragraphs (levels), which is expressed as from the total to the points, from the points to the total, from the total to the points, and then to the total. For example, the article "Suzhou Gardens" adopts a "total score" structure and arranges the order of explanations reasonably. The first two paragraphs talk about the artistic value of Suzhou gardens and their unique characteristics. The third to ninth paragraphs describe the specific characteristics of Suzhou gardens. The third to sixth paragraphs are always closely related to the pictorial beauty of Suzhou gardens, and respectively correspond to the four "notes" in the general description of the second paragraph. The seventh to ninth paragraphs are divided into Said that the characteristics of Suzhou gardens are closely followed from the details. Written in this way, the context is clear and the structure is rigorous, which fully explains the characteristics of Suzhou gardens.
2. Undertaken style. Each layer is arranged according to the development process of things, or according to time, cause and effect, conditions, etc., and succeeds each other.
3. Progressive. The following will further explain on the basis of the previous one that the relationship between each layer is from shallow to deep.
In addition to the above three structural methods, there are also parallel types (the relationship between each layer is parallel) and so on. Understand and master the common structural forms of expository texts, analyze the structure, and divide the paragraph levels into easy solutions 7 (for specific situations, analyze based on paragraphs).
2. How to clarify the order of explanation?
To explain the characteristics of things clearly, there must be a reasonable order. There are usually three explanatory orders used in expository texts: spatial order, chronological order and logical order. So, how to analyze the order of instructions?
1. Recognize the explanation object clearly and analyze the explanation sequence. The characteristics of the description object determine the choice of the description order. The internal structure of some things is relatively complex, and is usually explained in spatial order, either from front to back, or from top to bottom, or from outside to inside, or from the middle to the surroundings, or in order from east to west, north to south. Recognizing the explanation object clearly can help us figure out the explanation ideas and further clarify the explanation sequence.
2. Grasp the language signs and "read" the sequence of explanations. Expository paragraphs often use certain words and phrases to indicate levels and sequences, connect content, and organize materials. For example, chronological order usually uses words that represent changes in time, spatial order mostly uses words that represent orientation, and logical order uses related words that represent logical levels. Therefore, by grasping these language "signs", the order of explanation can be smoothly clarified.
3. Distinguish priorities and summarize comprehensively. As far as an article is concerned, sometimes not only one explanation order is used, but several methods are combined to achieve a thorough explanation. This requires prioritization and comprehensive summary during analysis.
Oral review guidance
1. How to identify explanation methods? There are many explanation methods. An explanatory article can use different explanation methods according to actual needs, sometimes used alone, sometimes used in combination. Therefore, you must read carefully and identify carefully when analyzing. Column numbers also have specific numbers. It is also necessary to pay attention to the contrast between the contents of the two sentences, which highlights the influence of artificial selection on the sentences, which means that the comparative explanation method is also used here.
When analyzing explanation methods, in addition to distinguishing types, we must also distinguish between priorities and make it clear which one is the main one, so as to better grasp the characteristics of the explanation object. The explanation method here is mainly comparison. In addition, when analyzing and explaining the method, two vague understandings must be clarified. Some students often confuse explanatory methods with rhetorical methods.
In fact, there are obvious differences in the objects of service and the expression effects of the two. The purpose of using metaphors in narratives is to express characters and events more vividly and vividly; while in expository texts, the purpose of using metaphors is to better explain the characteristics of things. There are also students who, when they see narrative text, they all think of it as "giving examples". In fact, sometimes legends and stories are quoted to enhance the vividness of the expository language and stimulate the reader's imagination and interest. Sometimes it is just a general narrative, which is part of article writing. A technique
2. How to understand the role of explanation methods?
The first step in analyzing explanation methods is to identify the type of explanation method, and the focus is to understand its role .
Using certain explanation methods is to better explain the characteristics of things and events. Appropriate methods can make unfamiliar things familiar, abstract things concrete, and complex processes simple, making it easier for readers to understand and accept. Generally speaking, listing numbers can give people a precise and specific impression; making analogies can enhance the image and vividness of explanations; giving examples can reflect the general situation and truly explain things; defining can give readers a clear understanding of the object of explanation. concepts; classification can achieve a comprehensive and clear expression effect; comparison can make the characteristics of things that were originally difficult to explain become easy to understand, clear and concrete. To analyze the role of the explanation method, we must comprehensively consider the specific sentences and language environment, and analyze it realistically.
In short, to analyze the role of explanation methods, we should first grasp the "general direction" - the characteristics and functions of each explanation method, and then "fill in the blanks" reasonably based on the specific language environment - specific analysis, comprehensive induction, Only in this way can the characteristics of things be explained more accurately, comprehensively and clearly.
Four Analysis of the Language Characteristics of Expository Essays
Overview of Oral Knowledge
When reading an expository essay, you must accurately grasp the description object and its characteristics, and accurately summarize the meaning of the paragraph. and center, are inseparable from language analysis. The "Outline" stipulates that junior high school students can "read general modern texts, understand the meaning and function of words and sentences in the language environment, and have a certain ability to perceive language", can "feel the thoughts and feelings expressed in the language of the text", and can "Use reference books to understand the meaning and function of words in context" and be able to "understand the deep meaning of some sentences in the text". When it comes to expository reading, specifically, the knowledge and ability points are:
1. Able to understand the accuracy of expository language;
2. Able to accurately grasp key phrases in expository texts and analyze their
role in the text.
Oral Review Guide
1. How to understand the accuracy of expository language?
Accuracy and conciseness are the main characteristics of expository language. To figure out the accuracy of expository language, the focus is on how the words and sentences explain the characteristics of things, so as to understand its function and appreciate its beauty