The economic models for the three-dimensional development and utilization of forest land include:
1. Forest medicine model
Most of my country’s Chinese herbal medicines grow in forests, and many of them have They are shade tolerant and some can only grow under shade conditions. The forest medicine model is to plant more shade-tolerant Chinese medicinal materials in forest open spaces. The dense and dense forest provides a space close to nature for the Chinese medicinal materials planted under the forest. It can provide shade in summer and keep warm in winter. It also provides a moist environment for the negative Chinese medicinal materials. Planting Chinese medicinal materials under the forest can not only improve the utilization value of the forest land, but also improve the physical and chemical properties of the forest soil, enhance fertility, tend the forest stands, and promote the growth of forest trees while tending the Chinese medicinal materials in the field. At the same time, planting Chinese medicinal materials under the forest can It can alleviate land shortages and conflicts between agriculture and forestry. Therefore, the development prospects of the forest medicine model are very broad.
Three issues should be paid attention to when developing the forest medicine model: First, the selected Chinese medicinal materials must adapt to the local soil and climate conditions, and rough-growing and easy-to-grow varieties that are resistant to barrenness, drought, and grass should be selected. . Second, most Chinese medicinal materials should not be replanted within 3 to 5 years after planting. Third, take advantage of the existing local wild Chinese herbal medicine resources to ensure that the content of active ingredients in artificially grown Chinese herbal medicines reaches the standard; for new varieties of Chinese medicinal materials introduced from other places, they must be tested first, and their yield and active ingredients must be confirmed. content can be promoted in similar ecological areas.
Medicinal materials suitable for planting under the forest are generally herbs, vines or shrubs that like moisture and tolerate shade. When the canopy density of young forests is less than 0.5, the medicinal plants suitable for cultivation mainly include skullcap, isatis root, bupleurum, platycodon, trichosanthes, peony, peony, anemarrhena, orygon, salvia, bulrush, etc.; when Yu When the closing degree is above 0.5, it is suitable to cultivate shade-tolerant medicinal plants, mainly including ginseng (cultivated under the forest in the Northeast), Schisandra chinensis, Pangolin, flat shell, Gastrodia elata, as well as honeysuckle, grass coral, Liujinu, and Millet Spatholobus. , double-sided needles, horizontal warp mats, dandelions, etc.
2. Forest fungus mode
The forest fungus mode makes full use of the characteristics of high air humidity, sufficient oxygen, low light intensity, and small temperature difference between day and night under the shade, and utilizes the favorable conditions for the growth of edible fungi. Yin and moisture-loving characteristics. The source of these edible fungi comes from the forest, and understory planting brings the fungi back to the forest. Moreover, the temperature, humidity, light and other conditions in the forest are very suitable for the growth of edible fungi. The carbon dioxide emitted by the edible fungi, the increased temperature and waste from planting promote the growth of the forest, allowing forest fungi to promote the growth of each other and achieve a benign plant chain. cycle. Planting edible fungi under the forest overcomes the problems of high temperatures and difficulty in adjusting the temperature in conventional edible fungus production greenhouses in summer. The production cost of the forest fungus model is low. The use of tree shade greatly reduces the cost of setting up a shed. A shed can be built for 3 years and can be planted in multiple crops. The input cost is equivalent to about 10010 of ordinary edible fungus greenhouse production, and the output efficiency is higher. 20 of common edible fungi produced in greenhouses. The production cycle of growing edible fungi under the forest is short. It generally does not exceed 3 months from the placement of the mushroom sticks to the completion of harvest. The growth cycle of some varieties is even only one and a half months. The investment recovery is quick and the investment risk is reduced. Therefore, growing edible fungi under the forest is also Suitable for nationwide promotion.
Planting edible fungi under the forest is suitable for humid environments with high density and weak light in the forest. At present, there are more than 20 kinds of edible fungi that can be cultivated artificially. In coniferous forests, broad-leaved forests or mixed forests with high canopy density, black fungus, Coprinus comatus, shiitake mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, tea tree mushrooms, and Ji mushrooms can be cultivated. Mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus, etc.; in the southern bamboo forests with a canopy density of 0.8 or above, Dictyophora spp. is the first choice, and other edible fungi such as oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, and enoki mushrooms can also be cultivated.
3. Forest-grain model
The forest-grain model is also called the forest-oil model or forest-farmer intercropping. It is a very common three-dimensional development model of forest land. It mainly includes forest-grain monoculture and forest-vegetable cropping. Intercropping and forest oil intercropping. Food crops such as wheat, corn, millet, peanuts, potatoes, sweet potatoes and beans are generally grown under the forest. The understory can create a good growing environment for crops, which is beneficial to increasing forestland income and is suitable for nationwide promotion.
"Poplar grain" is a commonly used forest grain model in the north. For example, wheat, corn, soybeans, peanuts, cotton, etc. are planted under poplar forests. In addition, walnuts, jujube trees, and chestnut trees in the north can also be planted under forests. food crops. Peanuts, soybeans, konjac, etc. can be grown in the camellia oleifera forests common in the south. Forest grain models can also be developed in fruit forests, such as growing mung beans and peas under pomegranate forests. The nursery land of green seedlings in their young stage is also suitable for planting food crops under the forest, such as corn, wheat, etc.
4. Forest-tea model
Forest-tea composite management has a long history in my country and is a typical intercropping model. Forest tea intercropping provides moderate shade, regulates the light, temperature, water and atmospheric conditions of the tea garden, increases air humidity, increases soil organic matter and nutrients, improves the microclimate environment of the tea garden, and improves the tea garden community environment. The forest-tea model is not only conducive to increasing tea yield, reducing the crude fiber content of tea, making the tea soft and fragrant, and improving tea quality; it can also improve land and light energy utilization, increase tea garden biodiversity, and also inhibit the occurrence of tea tree diseases and insect pests. . Forest tea intercropping can also purify the air, which is beneficial to the production of pollution-free tea, green food tea, and organic tea. In summer, the trees can shade the tea trees; in winter, they increase the soil temperature, reducing or preventing frost damage to the tea trees; in the rainy season, they can intercept runoff, which is beneficial to water storage and soil conservation; on weekdays, they inhibit the growth of weeds and reduce nutrient losses.
The forest-tea model can choose to plant food crops, fruit trees, etc. under the tea forest, or plant tea trees in the broad-leaved forest or fruit forest to achieve the purpose of complementing each other, such as the "tea trees" in Zhejiang and Anhui. bayberry, ginkgo, camellia oleifera" model and "walnut, green plum, broad-leaf forest tea" model.
5. Forest and fruit mode
The forest and fruit mode can be used when the canopy density in the forest is lower than 0.5 and the spacing between rows in the forest is large, such as planting cherries under the Northeast Korean pine forest. , planting watermelon under poplar or economic forest is especially suitable for forest land utilization before the fruiting period of economic tree species.
6. Forest vegetable model
The forest vegetable model is to grow vegetables under the forest according to the intensity of light in the forest and the light requirements of vegetables, such as Chinese cabbage, peppers, radishes, and spinach. , rapeseed, etc. This is also one of the more economically beneficial models of using short-term growth to grow long-term. Generally speaking, vegetable seedlings are planted into the woodland in late autumn when the deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. At this time, the leaves and branches that have not yet fallen off can provide shade, cooling, and moisturizing for the vegetable seedlings, thereby improving the survival rate of the vegetable seedlings. As soon as the vegetable seedlings come alive, the fallen leaves become organic fertilizer for the vegetable seedlings. In winter, the natural temperature in the forest is 2 to 3°C higher than that in the open space. The trunks and branches of deciduous trees can protect against frost, wind, and cold, allowing them to survive the winter safely. This model of intercropping between forests and vegetables allows for the growth, prosperity and mutual transformation of forests and vegetables. For example, rapeseed, peppers, cabbage, golden luffa, etc. can be planted under walnut and persimmon groves.
7. Forest-grass model
The forest-grass model is a model that combines long-term and short-term benefits. In forestry, it is often called forest-grass mixed and forest-grass intercropping, that is, under the forest Plant pasture or herbs. In woodlands with a canopy density below 0.7, different types of high-quality forage are selectively planted, such as alfalfa, black grass, Rumex and other shade-tolerant forage. Three crops are planted a year, and fresh and dry forage can be sold. . For example, vanilla plants (such as chamomile, fennel, lavender, rosemary, thyme, perfume flowers, sacred herbs, mayonnaise, etc.) are planted under cherry forests in Beijing, and alfalfa is planted under grape and caragana forests in Inner Mongolia.
8. Forest flower pattern
Sun-loving flowers can be planted in forests with larger spacing and lower canopy density. In dense forests, herbaceous flowers, such as perennial flowers, can be planted. Flowers suitable for planting under the forest include lilies, narcissus, Pulsatilla, nasturtium, dianthus, peony, hosta, clover, etc. Planting multi-purpose flowers under the forest has significant economic benefits. For example, roses are planted under the apricot forest in Beijing. Roses can be used as ornamental flowers. At the same time, rose essential oil is very popular in the market. The average net income per mu can reach 4,500 yuan/year.