The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth. He was born on the 20th day of the first month of 1752, and his father was a carpenter in Asper. Hardtmuth studied the bricklayer's craft in Vienna, later became an architect, and once founded a brick factory.
At that time, the pen used for writing was of poor quality, and he was determined to invent a new pen. He mixed clay with graphite powder, made it into the shape of a refill, and burned it in the fire, so that he could draw traces on the paper. He added a proper proportion of clay to graphite powder to make pencil lead have a certain hardness. 1792, he set up his own pencil factory in Vienna, and still produces pencils today.
References:
zhidao.baidu/question/2762605 1? si = 1
Who invented the first pencil in the world?
1564, a black mineral-graphite was discovered in a place called barodale, England. Because graphite can leave traces on paper like lead, and its color is much darker than lead, people call it "black lead". At that time, shepherds in Barodale often used graphite to mark sheep. Inspired by this, people cut graphite blocks into small strips for writing and painting. Soon, King George II of England simply owned the Barodale graphite mine to the royal family, making it an exclusive product of the royal family. Writing with graphite strips is easy to get dirty and break. 176 1 year, the German chemist Faber first solved this problem. He washed graphite with water to make it into graphite powder, then mixed it with sulfur, antimony and rosin, and then made this mixture into strips, which were much tougher than pure graphite strips and less likely to get his hands dirty. This is the earliest pencil. Until the end of18th century, only Britain and Germany could produce this kind of pencil. Therefore, after Napoléon Bonaparte launched a war against neighboring countries, Britain and Germany cut off the supply of pencils to France. Therefore, Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the French chemist Comte to look for graphite ore in his own country and then make pencils. However, the quality of French graphite ore is poor and its reserves are small. Comte mixed clay with graphite and put it in a kiln for barbecue, which made a good and durable pencil lead in the world at that time. Pencil lead produced by different clay proportions in graphite has different hardness and color. This is the origin of H (rigid pencil), B (soft pencil) and HB (pencil with moderate hardness) marked on today's pencils. The task of putting a wooden stick coat on a pencil was completed by American craftsman Monroe. He first built a machine that could cut out battens, then carved a slot in the battens, put pencil lead in the slot, and then aligned and glued the two battens, so that pencil lead was tightly embedded in the middle. This is the pencil we use today.
Which country invented the pencil?
The country where pencils were born is Austria.
The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth. He was born in/kloc-0 on February 20th, 752. His father is a carpenter in Asper. Hadmes learned a bricklaying skill in Vienna and later became an architect. He once founded a brick factory.
At that time, the pen used for writing was of poor quality, so he decided to invent a new pen. He came up with an idea: mix clay with graphite powder, make it into the shape of a refill, and burn it in the fire, so that you can draw traces on the paper.
He added a proper proportion of clay to graphite powder to make pencil lead have a certain hardness. 1992, he set up his own pencil factory in Vienna, and still produces pencils today.
Who invented the pencil?
The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth.
In the Middle Ages, people wrote with lead and silver sticks. This tool is more lettering than writing. /kloc-in the 5th century, Italy made the first lead-tin refill.
1658 graphite ore was discovered in Britain, which revolutionized writing tools, although this pen was expensive at that time.
The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth. He was born in/kloc-0 on February 20th, 752. His father is a carpenter in Asper. Hardtmuth studied the bricklayer's craft in Vienna, later became an architect, and once founded a brick factory.
At that time, the pen used for writing was of poor quality, and he was determined to invent a new pen. He came up with an idea: mix clay with graphite powder, make it into the shape of a refill, and burn it in the fire, so that you can draw traces on the paper.
He added a proper proportion of clay to graphite powder to make pencil lead have a certain hardness. 1792, he set up his own pencil factory in Vienna, and still produces pencils today.
Who invented the pencil?
The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth.
In the Middle Ages, people wrote with lead and silver sticks. This tool is more lettering than writing. /kloc-in the 5th century, Italy made the first lead-tin refill.
1658 graphite ore was discovered in Britain, which revolutionized writing tools, although this pen was expensive at that time.
The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth. He was born in/kloc-0 on February 20th, 752. His father is a carpenter in Asper. Hardtmuth studied the bricklayer's craft in Vienna, later became an architect, and once founded a brick factory.
At that time, the pen used for writing was of poor quality, and he was determined to invent a new pen. He came up with an idea: mix clay with graphite powder, make it into the shape of a refill, and burn it in the fire, so that you can draw traces on the paper.
He added a proper proportion of clay to graphite powder to make pencil lead have a certain hardness. 1792, he set up his own pencil factory in Vienna, and still produces pencils today.
Where did the pencil originate? Who invented it?
People now know that as early as before Columbus, the Aztecs used graphite to make various etiquette marks on slates or stones. However, in Europe, it was not until 1564 that the world's purest graphite deposit was discovered in a mine near Cumberland, England.
Graphite is an ideal material for writing. It is not only easy to draw dark marks on paper, but also difficult to break when sharpening for more accurate work. It doesn't need any processing, just cut it into a size suitable for people to hold in their hands. Perhaps when people realized that their hands and paper were easily polluted by graphite, they came up with the idea of encapsulating graphite in small wooden poles.
The earliest pencil images can be found in a book about collecting fossils published in 1565 (that is, one year after the discovery of graphite in Britain). The author of this book is the German-speaking Swiss physicist, naturalist and bibliographer Conrad Fonsner (15 16? Von Guo Shina's pencil looks thick and gorgeous. In fact, a piece of tapered graphite is inserted into the lower end of a wooden tube, and the top of the pen has a beautifully decorated round head. This structure is convenient for people to tie it to a book or a book board with thread for use at any time.
With the increasing demand for Cumberland graphite in Europe, the British began to realize that graphite, which has become a state-owned asset, is not inexhaustible. So the British Parliament issued a decree in 1753, stipulating that graphite mines should be mined for several weeks every seven years. In this way, this rare resource can only be supplied quantitatively, and its price has been high. In the process of mining graphite ore, the safety measures taken to prevent smuggling and theft are extremely strict. When the mine was closed, the graphite mine was actually flooded.
A glimpse of wooden pencils
During the 200 years from the discovery of Cumberland graphite mine to the promulgation of quantitative mining law, some unknown inventors planned to embed graphite thin rods into hard wooden poles. It was a carpenter in Kaasik who first made the prototype of this modern pencil in England. In Germany, he was a carpenter in Nuremberg. However, records show that the earliest pencil manufacturer was the pencil factory opened by Frederic Steidle in Nuremberg on 1662. His manufacturing method is to first embed a thin graphite rod into a wooden strip with a groove, then stick another same wooden strip with glue, then clip the graphite pencil core in it, and then process the square wooden pencil into a more beautiful octagon or circle.
Although this kind of pencil is only the prototype of today's pencil, people no longer use lightweight graphite rods. 1794, France * * * suffered from Britain's strict control over the graphite market, and instructed the famous engineer Conte to try to find a material that could replace British pure graphite.
Conte really did it in a year. He mixed a small amount of graphite powder with clay, then pressed it into a thin rod and burned it like pottery. When pencil lead is packaged according to the above method, it becomes a pencil. The hardness of the refill can be determined according to the ratio of clay to graphite. This process of Conte is basically used today.
The way we make pencils today is to extrude the mixed graphite and clay with strong force, so that they are extruded into strips or lines through a diamond die, and then dried to a proper hardness. Then put the refill in the groove of a slotted board, close the same board on it and hoop it. Next, put the sandwich board under heavy pressure and let it dry. Finally, smooth the pencil with sandpaper, paint it, and then print the trademark. Such a pencil is "flawless", even after it is sharpened, there is no flaw at all.
By 1830, Cumberland's graphite reserves were getting less and less, so that it had to be shipped to London under strict expansion and auctioned to a few British pencil manufacturers at an astonishing high price. By this time, even the British had made cheap pencils in Conte's way. 18 1 year, American William Monroe and his assistant invented a new and better machine for making pencils, and the United States began to produce commercial pencils in large quantities. 1858, an inventor named Hyman Leapman in Philadelphia improved the pencil for the last time, that is, sticking a small eraser head on the top of the pencil. He sold the patent on 1872, and the rubber head was actually put on the pencil with a small metal ring.
Although Britain became the world's largest pencil country because of its monopoly on graphite, Conte also made France a competitor to the inventor of pure graphite pencils, replacing its position, but the Faber family made Germany a leader in the pencil manufacturing market in the19th century. Since then, the United States has won the leading position in pencil manufacturing from the Germans because of its exquisite technology of mass production of pencils, but it has been highly praised for its efficiency. ......
Who invented the pencil?
The inventor of the pencil was Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth. He was born in/kloc-0 on February 20th, 752. His father is a carpenter in Asper. Hardtmuth studied the bricklayer's craft in Vienna, later became an architect, and once founded a brick factory. At that time, the pen used for writing was of poor quality, and he was determined to invent a new pen. He mixed clay with graphite powder, made it into the shape of a refill, and burned it in the fire, so that he could draw traces on the paper. He added a proper proportion of clay to graphite powder to make pencil lead have a certain hardness. 1792, he set up his own pencil factory in Vienna, and still produces pencils today.
Who invented the pencil?
Pencil was invented by German chemist Caspar Faber in 176 1 year.
Introduction:
The earliest pencil in the world was invented by German chemist Faber. He washed the graphite discovered by the British and used in Guang Chuan with water as graphite powder, added sulfur, antimony and rosin, mixed them into strips and wrapped them in paper rolls. Therefore, graphite becomes hard and easy to write.