Why did the industrial revolution break out in Europe? Please, great gods.

European capitalist machine industry replaced the revolution of workshop handicraft industry based on manual technology. Also known as the industrial revolution. It is not only a revolution in production technology, but also a major change in social production relations. It started in11960s and 1980s, and ended at the end of 19. Britain's industrial revolution Britain is the first country with the conditions of industrial revolution. 17th century and18th century, British workshop handicraft industry rose rapidly in cotton textile, mining, metallurgy, salt making, glass and other industries. At the same time, the internal division of labor in the workshop handicraft industry has developed and the production technology has been continuously improved. The increasingly specialized labor tools have prepared material and technical conditions for the transition to large-scale machine production. The victory of the British bourgeois revolution provided favorable political conditions for the capitalist industrial revolution. /kloc-in 1930s, viscount C. Townsend introduced clover and turnip into the field, and changed the three-wheel system into four-wheel system, thus starting the agricultural revolution. The new Leicester sheep bred by R. Bakewell, a farmer, started the wind of improving livestock. After 1760, more than 4,000 enclosure laws occupied 3.64 million hectares of land, completely bringing agriculture into the capitalist track. /kloc-In the mid-8th century, the expansion of British domestic market, colonial market and foreign market made the cotton textile industry develop greatly. Land and water transportation has been greatly improved, which facilitates the transportation of industrial and agricultural products and raw materials, promotes commercial prosperity and accumulates funds for industry. 18 in the 1960s, the British industrial revolution began with the cotton textile industry. 1733, J. Kay invented the shuttle, which doubled the weaving efficiency. Jenny spinning machine was invented by J. Hargreaves in 1767 and patented in 1770. 1769, R. arkwright invented the hydraulic spinning machine, 177 1 year, and he founded the first cotton mill in Clonford. Crompton invented the mule machine in 1779. 1769, J. watt invented the steam engine, which made epoch-making technological achievements and caused an industrial revolution. 1776 made a single-acting steam engine. 1782, a double-acting steam engine was manufactured. 1785, cotton mills began to use steam engines as power. 1789, the steam engine began to be used in cotton textile industry. After the industrial revolution, the steam engine gradually expanded to chemical industry, metallurgy, mining, machine building, transportation and other departments. The chemical industry has developed rapidly. The invention of sulfuric acid, bleaching agent, hydrochloric acid and soda meets the needs of textile, glass and soap industries. 65438+In the 1920s, J. Muspratt and others set up a factory in Liverpool to produce soda. M Faraday invented a new method to make carbon chloride, which laid the foundation for the chemical industry in Lancashire and Cheshire. The era after the war against France was the golden age of British chemical industry. Driven by the industrial revolution, the coal mining industry has developed rapidly. Steam pumps are widely used in mines. 1820, instead of manual transportation, coal production increased faster, and Britain became the largest coal producer in Europe. After 1786, the manufacture of steam engine brought the prosperity of iron smelting industry; The demand for weapons in the French war expanded the iron smelting industry. After the war, the industrial revolution began to enter a stage dominated by iron smelting and machine building. 1824, the parliament lifted the export ban on some machines, which further stimulated the production of machines. 1828, J.B. Nelson invented a new method of blowing hot air into the iron melting furnace with a blast furnace, thus completing the reform of iron smelting technology. In terms of machine building, calipers and lathes were invented in the 1920s. 1838 J. nasmyth invented the steam hammer. By the 1940s, machine tools had been manufactured and the main components had been standardized. At this time, the machine industry has replaced the cottage industry and the workshop industry. 1835, there were 237,000 workers in the British cotton textile industry. There are 65,438+0,300 wool mills and 76,5438+0,000 workers. The growth of production and the expansion of the domestic market put forward new requirements for the transportation sector. The invention of the train fundamentally solved the problem of land transportation. 1825, stockton became a city. 1830, Liverpool and Manchester were connected by railway. By the 1950s, the major railway lines in Britain had been completed. /kloc-in the first half of the 0/9th century, although sailing was still in its heyday in ocean navigation, the use of steam engines on ships had made achievements. There is a ferry between Dover and Calais 18 18. The ship Atlantic successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Belgian Industrial Revolution The iron-smelting industrial revolution began during the occupation of Napoleon I, and the center of cotton textile industry was in Ghent. The iron works built by British manufacturer W Cockerill in Ceylon was the largest in continental Europe in 1930s. The first power loom was installed at 1825, and 1845 ~ 1846 reached 3500. By the1940s, the industrial revolution had been completed and its machines could compete with Britain. 1833 ~ 1834 started to build the railway. After the French Industrial Revolution 18 bourgeois revolution, France unified its domestic market through unified measurement and tariffs. The revolution completely destroyed feudal land ownership, developed modern intensive family farms around Paris, and improved agricultural production. During the reign of Napoleon, the wool industry developed for military needs, and many chemical industries used the method of N. nicolas leblanc to make soda. The industrial revolution began in the restoration period. The industrial revolution entered its heyday in July dynasty. In addition to developing the original Normandy cotton textile industry, there are two new centers, Noel and Alsace. The 65438+ factory system dominated the cotton spinning industry in the 1930s. The center of wool textile industry is in Rube and Lim, while Lyon is already the center of silk industry. In the 1920s, several coke ironmaking plants were established to improve ironmaking technology. While developing coke ironmaking, charcoal ironmaking is also developing. /kloc-The number and horsepower of steam engines owned in the middle of 0/9th century exceeded the sum of other continental countries. Before the mining of Luolin Iron Mine, the producing areas of coal and iron were far apart. 1828, a railway was built to transport coal from Saint Etienne to the Royal River. However, industry is only concentrated in a few areas, and population mobility is not as obvious as that in Britain, while agriculture has always occupied a considerable position in national production. By the late 1960s of 19, the industrial revolution had been completed. After the German industrial revolution resisted France, the Yongke landlords east of the Elbe River vigorously developed cash crops. 187 1 After the establishment of the German Empire, the landlords in Yongke adopted a scientific rotation system and used chemical fertilizers, which greatly increased their output. The western rich peasant concentrated area is the most developed area of capitalist agriculture, and agricultural machinery is widely used; The south is dominated by small farmers and has been intensively cultivated. After 187 1 year, the brewing industry has developed greatly. The industrial revolution in Germany developed greatly in the late 1940s from 65438 to 2009. The centers of cotton textile industry are located in Bavaria, Wü rttemberg and Baden. 1847 powered by steam engines, large-scale factories operated by joint-stock companies appeared in the 1950s. The decline of hemp textile industry is because rural families turn to cotton textile industry. The wool textile industry developed into a small-scale industry in the 1920s, but it declined in the mid-19th century, and resumed as a large industry after the reunification of Germany. Paying attention to heavy industry is a prominent feature of German industrial revolution. The iron smelting center was originally located in Silesia and Rhineland, and was transferred to Ruhr in 1950s of 19. The latter is also a steel-making center, where A. Krupp made his fortune. 1851~1871year, Westphalia became the largest industrial center in continental Europe. Before the reunification of Germany, the output of coal, iron and steel had surpassed that of France, and only the use of steam engines was backward. 19 In the 1950s and 1960s, German industry developed faster than Britain and France. Railways are in an important position. The first railway 1835 is only 6 kilometers long from Nuremberg to Fult. The Leipzig-Dresden railway was completed in 1839. 1869 * * * has 17700 km, of which Prussia accounts for 10000 km. Railways have been closely related to the military from the beginning. 1873, the imperial railway administration was established to control the whole railway. After reunification, Germany attached great importance to the application of the latest scientific achievements, especially in the electrical and chemical industries. In the 1940s, the electrical engineer and industrialist E.W. von Siemens laid the foundation of the electrical industry, and the output of chemical dyes of 1882 accounted for more than two thirds of the world. The chemical fertilizer industry is also in a leading position, and precision instruments are also valued. The 65438+ Industrial Revolution was completed in the 1980s. Russian industrial revolution 65438+1930s, Russian workshop handicraft industry reached a considerable scale. Big businessmen, businessmen's employers, rich peasants and some landlords and nobles who operate commodity agriculture and workshop handicrafts have accumulated a lot of capital and are qualified to engage in machine production. The domestic and international markets have further expanded, and the conditions for Russia's industrial revolution have basically taken shape. In the Russian industrial revolution, railways played a leading role in all stages. 185 1 year, the railway connecting St. Petersburg and Moscow will be opened to traffic. By 186 1 year, the railway will be 2388 kilometers. 186 1 years ago, three industrial centers were formed: ① Urals. 1860, pig iron production accounted for 76% of the country, and pig iron was transported to the central industrial zone to make the final product. ② Central industrial zone. Including 9 provinces around Moscow, cotton, linen and silk textile industries are concentrated here, and pig iron production accounts for 16% of the country. There is a new sugar beet industry on its southern edge. ③ Baltic coastal industrial zone. With St. Petersburg and Narwa as the center, iron is smelted with British coal and Swedish iron ore, and woven with British cotton yarn. Foreign capital and technology enter Russia through this region. 186 1 years ago, industry had little influence on the whole country. There are only 760,000 workers in the population of 74 million, but they are quite concentrated. From 65438 to 1960s, the railway radiated from Moscow, connecting major cities in nine central provinces, and the Urals was connected with Ukraine, becoming a new industrial center. British and French capital invested in coal mining and iron smelting to produce railway tracks for the whole country. The southernmost point is the center for the development of Baku oil. Railway 30 1887 km. There are 1. 1.3 million workers in China. After 1887, the industrial development accelerated. From 1990s to 2009, rural areas have become a stable sales market for industrial products. The Siberian Railway built at this time not only increased the demand for coal and iron, but also led the industry to the East. 1900 has 53350 kilometers of railway. By the end of 19, Russia's industrial revolution had been completed. In addition, Central Europe, such as Poland, Bohemia (Czech Republic), and Southern Europe, such as Milan and Catalonia, had considerable industries by the end of 19, and completed the industrial revolution to varying degrees.