At 1, 197 1, the first personal computer CPU:i4004.
i4004
197 1 year, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor 4004. This is not only the first 4-bit microprocessor used in calculators, but also the first computer processor that individuals can afford. 4004 contains 2300 transistors, its function is quite limited and its speed is still very slow, but it is an epoch-making product after all.
2， 1978，i8086
i8086
1978, Intel once again led the trend, producing a 16-bit microprocessor for the first time, and named it i8086. At the same time, a matching mathematical coprocessor i8087 is also presented. These two chips use compatible instruction sets, but i8087 instruction set is added with some instructions specially used for mathematical calculation such as logarithm, exponent and trigonometric function, which is the famous X86 instruction set, and it has been used ever since.
3， 1979，i8088
i8088
1979, INTEL introduced 8088 chip, which still belongs to 16-bit microprocessor and contains 29,000 transistors. The clock frequency is 4.77MHz, the address bus is 20 bits, and 1MB memory can be used. The internal data bus of 8088 is 16 bits, and the external data bus is 8 bits, while its brother 8086 is 16 bits. 198 1 8088 chip was first used in IBM? On the PC, a brand-new microcomputer era was created. Also from 8088, the concept of PC (personal computer) began to develop all over the world.
4， 1979，i80286
i80286
1982, Intel introduced the latest epoch-making product i80286. This chip has made great progress compared with 8006 and 8088. Although it is still 16 bit structure, there are 134000 transistors in the CPU, and the clock frequency is gradually increased from the initial 6MHz to 20MHz. Its internal and external data buses are 16 bits, and its address bus is 24 bits, which can address 16MB of memory. Since 80286, CPU has evolved into two working modes: real mode and protected mode.
5， 1985，i80386
i80386
1985, INTEL introduced 80386 chip, which is the first 32-bit microprocessor in 80X86 series, and its manufacturing process has also made great progress. Compared with 80286, 80386 contains 275000 transistors, and the clock frequency is 12.5MHz, and then it is upgraded to 20MHz, 25MHz and 33MHz. The internal and external data buses of 80386 are 32-bit, and the address bus is also 32-bit, which can address up to 4GB of memory.
6， 1989，i80486
i80486
1989, INTEL introduced 80486 chip. The greatness of this chip is that it actually breaks the boundary of 1 10,000 transistors and integrates1.20,000 transistors. The clock frequency of 80486 is gradually increased from 25MHz to 33MHz and 50MHz. 80486 integrates 80386, mathematical coprocessor 80387 and an 8KB cache in one chip. The 80X86 series adopts RISC (Reduced Instruction Set) technology for the first time, and one instruction can be executed in one clock cycle. It also adopts the burst bus mode, which greatly improves the data exchange speed with the memory. Because of these improvements, the performance of 80486 is four times higher than that of 80386DX with 80387 math coprocessor. ?
7. Intel Pentium processor, AMD, Cyrix? 5X86 processor
Intel? The Chinese translation of the microprocessor produced by Intel Corporation in the United States is "Pentium".
1993 Intel introduced a new generation of high-performance processors-Pentium. With the increasingly fierce competition in the CPU market, Intel felt that AMD and other companies could no longer use the same name to grab jobs, so it proposed trademark registration. Since Arabic numerals cannot be used for registration in American law, Intel played a trick and registered the trademark in Latin. Pentium means "five" in Latin Pentium contains as many as 365,438+million transistors. Pentium's initial main frequency was 50Mhz, and later released 55Mhz, 60Mhz, 65Mhz, 70Mhz and 75Mhz, and then jumped directly to 90Mhz, 100Mhz, 120Mhz and 133Mhz, among which the last product was what people dreamed of at that time, but ordinary people didn't. Only on the machine with it can VCD be played directly and perfectly, and no decompression card is needed.
8、AMD？ K5, Silex? 6X86, Intel? Pentium? professional
Cyrix？ 6X86
Intel? Pentium? professional
Facing the aggressive momentum of AMD and Cyrix, Intel launched Pentium at the end of 1995. PRO, which integrates 5.5 million transistors, has improved Pentium in several aspects. In terms of processing, Pentium? PRO introduces a brand-new instruction execution mode, and the internal core is PISC processor, so the execution speed is faster; Pentium? PRO has three pipelines, each of which reaches 14 level, and the instruction execution speed is obviously improved; One of the bottlenecks of the computer system at that time was that the secondary cache on the motherboard could only work synchronously with the bus. Pentium? PRO solves this problem by encapsulating the 256K L2 cache in the core of the chip and running at the same frequency as the CPU. But because the cache technology at that time was not mature, and the cache chip at that time was still very expensive, although Pentimu? Pro has a good performance, but it is far from being thrown off by its rivals, and the price is also very expensive. Pontimu? Pro actually has a small sales volume and a short market life. Pontimu? Pro can be said to be Intel's first failed product.
9. Intel? Pentium? MMX、AMD？ K6、Cyrix？ 6X86MX、Cyrix？ The second part of money supply
Intel? Pentium? Multimedia enhanced instruction set (Multi Media Extension)
199711October, Intel launched Pentium? MMX chip adds 57 multimedia instructions on the basis of X86 instruction set. These instructions are specially used to process video, audio and image data, which makes CPU have more powerful processing ability in multimedia operation. MMX also uses many new technologies. SIMD technology with single instruction and multiple data can process multiple data in parallel with one instruction, which shortens the calculation time when CPU processes video, audio, graphics and animation. The pipeline is increased from level 5 to level 6, and the first-level cache is extended to 16K, the first-level data cache and the first-level instruction cache, which greatly speeds up the speed. Pentium? MMX also absorbs the excellent processing technologies of other CPU, such as branch prediction technology and return stack technology, which can increase the speed by 50% on the software supported by MMX. This also makes people really realize the multimedia computer.
10, Intel Pentium? Second, Xeon and Celeron; AMD？ K6-2、K6-3
Intel? Pentium? two
1In May 1997, Intel introduced the PentiumII processor, which adopted the SLOT 1 architecture and was connected to the motherboard through a single-sided card (SEC). SEC card box encapsulates CPU core and secondary cache, and the working speed of secondary cache is half that of processor core. Is the processor based on Pentium? PRO also has dynamic execution technology, which can accelerate the execution of software; By connecting with the system bus through double independent buses, a variety of data can be exchanged to improve the system performance; PentiumII also contains the MMX instruction set. Intel hopes to kill AMD with the patent of SLOT 1 architecture, but I didn't expect Socket? With the support of the processor headed by AMD's K6-2, platform 7 has entered another spring.
1 1, Intel? Pentium? Third, Celeron? 2; AMD？ K7？ velociraptors
Intel? Pentium? Roman numeral 3
1999 February 17, Intel released SLOT 1 Pentium architecture? III processors, the first Pentium? The III processor uses the Katmai core, and its main frequency is 450 MHz and 500Mhz. The biggest feature of this kernel is to update the multimedia instruction set named SSE, and add 70 new instructions on the basis of MMX to enhance 3D and floating-point applications, and to be compatible with all previous MMX programs.
But to be fair, Pentium with Katmai kernel? III Apart from the SSE instruction set mentioned above, there are not many attractive places, and Pentium is basically retained? The architecture of II adopts 0.25 micron technology, 100Mhz external frequency, Slot 1 architecture, and 5 12KB secondary cache (the running speed is half that of CPU), so the performance improvement is not great. However, thanks to Intel's brand effect and strong advertising strategy, it has become popular in Pentium? III set off a craze just after it went public. Someone once bought the first Pentium at a high price of more than 10 thousand yuan. Three.
Intel? Pentium? Three? Northwest Canada
Facing AMD? With the great challenge of K7 processor and the expensive price of SLOT 1 platform, Intel introduced Socket370 in the second half of 1999. The new copper-core PentiumIII processor packaged by FC-PGA is manufactured by 0. 18 micron process, and the front-end bus of 133MHz greatly surpasses the old PentiumIII in performance, reaching the same level as K7.
Intel? Celeron? 2
Seeing the popularity of Pentium III with Coppermine kernel, Intel began to replace Celeron processor with this kernel. In mid-2000, Celeron processor with Coppermine 128 core was introduced, commonly known as Celeron2. Due to switching to 0. 18 process, Celeron's overclocking performance has made another leap, and the overclocking range can reach 1000.
12, Intel? Tualatin? Pentium? Third, Celeron? 3; AMD？ Tundbird? Fast dragon, poisonous dragon
Intel? Tualatin? Pentium? Roman numeral 3
In 2000, Intel improved its manufacturing technology and released the PentiumIII-S processor with Tualatin core manufactured by 0. 13 micron process. The highest clock frequency is 1400MHz and 5 12KB full-speed secondary cache, and the latest expansion function of data prefetching is added, which has also been continued on the Pentium4 processor. Later, Celeron with Tualatin kernel was introduced, and the secondary cache was reduced to 256KB, but the performance was still very strong, which can be said to be the most powerful opponent of K7.
13, Intel? Pentium? 4、Athlon？ empirical value
Intel? Pentium? four
In June 2000, with the help of Intel's powerful propaganda offensive, Pentium4 entered people's field of vision. The original Pentium4 (Willamette) was manufactured by 0. 18 micron process, with 256KB secondary cache integrated inside, and the initial frequency reached 1300MHz, using Socket? Does i850 platform of 423 meet the requirement of 400MHz with RDRAM memory? Bandwidth requirements of front-end bus. Although people are full of hope for Pentium4, after the product went on the market, it surprised people. Although the design of 20-stage ultra-long pipeline has raised the frequency to a new height, its performance has been seriously affected. Celeron with Tualatin kernel? The performance of 1000MHz processor is better than that of 1500MHz Pentium 4. But in order not to let tualatin seize the high-end market of Pentium 4, Intel artificially destroyed tualatin.
Intel? Pentium? 4? Prescott (man's first and last name)
So will Intel Pentium? 4' s products have been continuously upgraded and several series of products have been launched.
In July of 200 1 year, a brand-new improved Pentium 4/ Celeron processor (Northwood) was released. Pentium 4 with Northwood as the core is manufactured by 0. 13 micron process, which improves the secondary cache to 5 12KB, FSB from 400MHz to 533MHz, and the main frequency starts from 1.6G, and reaches the maximum of 3.
In June 2004, Intel introduced Pentium4 processor with Prescott kernel, and gradually moved to LGA? The 775 platform is moving forward. However, compared with Pentium4C, except for 3D performance (supported by SSE3 technology), other performance has not been greatly improved. Moreover, due to the immature technology of 0.09 micron, the leakage current of the transistor is serious at high frequency, but the power consumption and calorific value have been greatly improved.
Generally speaking, Pentium? All models including Celeron D have the disadvantages of high frequency, low power consumption and high power consumption, so it is not a successful processor.
14, Intel? Pentium? M
Intel? Pentium? M
In 2003, Intel released Pentium? M processor. Pentium? M processor is different from the previous desktop processor, but is completely designed for mobile PC. Strong performance and advanced power-saving technology make Pentium? M processor has undergone earth-shaking changes. Will Intel Pentium? M processor combines 855 chipset and Intel? 802. 1 1? Dear? WiFi wireless /Wireless2 100 network connection technology enabled a brand-new name: Centrino. This makes people see the technology-oriented Intel again. Pentium? The initial FSB of M processor is 400MHz, and the secondary cache is1m. Later, Dothan core upgraded the L2 cache to 2M.
Intel's Pentium 4 has no advantage over AMD's Athlon64, and the performance of Pentium M is obvious to all, so people expect Intel to launch a desktop version of Pentium M to deal with it.
15、AMD？ Athlon64, Intel? Pentium? 4? EM64T
Intel? Pentium? 4? EM64T
In the 64-bit era, Intel is undoubtedly backward. Intel realized the seriousness of the problem, so in 2004 it launched the product code-named Pentium? 4? EM64T, but actually EM64T also uses Prescott core, only increasing the processing capacity of 64-bit data. ? There are many similarities between EM64T technology and AMD's X86-64 technology, and Intel draws on AMD's design ideas. But in some key technologies of the processor, Athlon? Pentium of 64/ Snapdragon and EM64T technology? There are still many differences, for example, Intel does not have an integrated memory controller and so on.
Since the beginning of the new century, the frequency of CPU has been rising, especially Intel Pentium 4 and Prescott? The highest frequency reaches 3.8G However, chip design engineers found that due to the limitations of technology, materials, calorific value and other factors, the frequency of CPU could not be improved endlessly. But how to continue to improve the performance of CPU? Engineers have figured out a way to integrate two cores in a CPU. In 2005, Intel and AMD successively introduced dual-core CPU, and computer CPU entered the dual-core era.
16, Intel? Pentium? d、AMD？ Athlon？ 64? X2
Pentium? D
Intel also launched Pentium? D processor, Pentium? D also belongs to NetBurst architecture and consists of two independent CPU cores. Although the product design is not as good as AMD's native dual-core design, the performance gap is obvious, but Pentium? d？ It still provides good multitasking performance, excellent overclocking performance and very competitive price. Pentium? D core frequency ranges from 2.66G to 3.73G, and can be overclocked to 4.26G, making it the highest core frequency CPU in Intel.
17, Intel? Core? 2? Pentium? Dual core, AMD? Phenomenon (dragon)
Intel? Core? 2
In 2006, Intel finally abandoned Netburst architecture and launched Core? Micro-architecture has shaken the industry again. This time, Intel no longer pays attention to the main frequency of the processor, but pays attention to the execution efficiency of the processor. Although the frequency of the new architecture processor is not high, its performance is enough to make it return to the throne of processor performance.
First one? Core? 2? Duo processor has 654.38+67 million transistors, based on 65nm process, with 4M? L2 cache, front-end bus frequency is 1, 066MHz. Although the core? 2? Duo's low-end model core frequency is only? 1.86GHz？ And then what? 2. 13GHz？ (E6300？ E6400)，？ But the performance was very attractive. And after that? Core? 2 The production process is improved to 45nm, which means that the product is Penryn. The number of transistors in quad-core Penryn reached 820 million, and the core frequency reached 3.2GHz.
Pentium? Double pivot
In 2007, Intel introduced the Pentium dual-core processor. You may feel a little strange when you see the name Pentium. Although the name will be a little confusing, Pentium dual-core processor is based on the core architecture, not the early Pentium, but also Pentium? D doesn't matter. The first Pentium dual-core processor was actually launched for the notebook computer market, and later the desktop version was launched. Its purpose is to fill Celeron? And then what? Core? 2 the market gap between processors.
18, Intel? Core? i7、AMD？ Phenom？ two
Core? i7
In 2008, Intel launched Core? Is the i7 processor putting more pressure on AMD because of its core? I7 has become the new leader of Intel camp. Core? i7？ With the previous generation product core? 2? Compared with Intel, there are many improvements, among which the most important changes are reflected in the following aspects: First, Corei7 is Intel's first native 4-core processor, which supports hyper-threading technology; Secondly, a brand-new LGA 1366 interface is adopted; Thirdly, QPI (Express Direct Channel) bus technology is introduced, and a three-channel DDR3 memory controller is integrated in the CPU.
2 1, Core II? i3/i5/i7
Core? i5
20 10 in June, Intel once again released the revolutionary processor-the second generation i3/i5/i7. The second generation i3/i5/i7 is all based on the brand-new Sandy? Compared with the first generation products, the bridge micro-architecture mainly brings five important innovations:
1) adopts the brand-new 32nm Sandy? Bridging micro-architecture, lower power consumption and stronger performance.
2) Built-in high-performance GPU (core graphics card) has stronger video coding and graphics performance.
3) Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 is smarter and more efficient.
4) A new ring architecture is introduced, which brings higher bandwidth and lower delay.
5) Brand-new AVX and AES instruction sets, strengthening floating-point operations and encryption and decryption operations.
Many friends may not know the difference between Core i3, i5 and i7. In fact, i7 is positioned at the high end, i5 at the middle end and i3 at the low end. I7 and i5 are aimed at players who require high system performance. These players usually have a separate monitor instead of an integrated graphics card, so there is no built-in graphics card. I3 is aimed at users who watch HD or do not require high performance. These people don't need a good graphics card, integration is enough, and they can save budget. In the past, a motherboard with integrated display was used, but for the first time, intel integrated a GPU (display chip) in i3, which showed that the technology had made great progress.
The main differences between these three processors are as follows:
Core i7- number of cores: 4 or 6; Number of threads: 8 or12; Cache: 8M or12m; ; Support turbocharging; No built-in graphics card
Core i5- number of cores: 2 or 4; Number of threads: 4; Cache: 4M or 8m; Support turbocharging; Have a built-in graphics card (i5? 750 series without graphics card)
Corei3-number of cores: 2; Number of threads: 4; Cache: 4m; Turbo Boost is not supported. There is a built-in graphics card.
What is turbocharging technology?
When a running program is started, the processor will automatically accelerate to the appropriate frequency, and the original running speed will increase? 10%~20%? Ensure the smooth progress of the project; When dealing with complex applications, the processor can automatically increase the running frequency to speed up and easily perform multitasking with higher performance requirements; When switching tasks, if only the memory and hard disk are doing the main work, the processor will immediately enter the power-saving state. This not only ensures the effective use of energy, but also greatly improves the program speed.
For a simple example, if a game or software only uses one core, Turbo? Boost technology will automatically shut down the other three cores and increase the frequency of running games or software, that is, automatic overclocking.
Conclusion:
Since Intel first released i4004? The CPU has gone through 40 years now, and the manufacturing process and performance of the CPU have undergone earth-shaking changes. It is the technical competition among CPU manufacturers that promotes the continuous improvement of CPU performance. We should pay the highest tribute to the great engineers who design and manufacture processors. At this moment, there is no portal dispute between different brands, only the pursuit of technology. It is competition that gives birth to excellent products from generation to generation, which makes Moore's law continue to be effective.
Personal collection, from the network.