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Historical review of CPU
Looking back at the beginning of the microprocessor era
Since 197 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year, Intel engineer "Hof" invented the world's first practical microprocessor "4.
004 ",the era of microcomputer processing has gone through 35 years. Although this 4-bit microprocessor has only 45 chips.
Instructions, executing 50 thousand instructions per second, lead mankind into the wonderful hall of integrated circuits. This "disk" of integrated circuits
Once Dora's box is opened, everything beyond imagination comes out, Moore's law, beyond 1GHZ.
Main frequency, personal 64-bit processor, personal dual-core processor, etc. One after another, it also brought two chip manufacturing giants.
They are Intel and AMD. It is precisely because of the passionate collision between these two giants that human life is only
There is another way to describe it-numbers. With the help of this magic, amazing changes have taken place in all walks of life, which is even more incredible.
The purpose is that under its guidance, human beings have entered the vast universe and explored more unknowns.
It is hard to imagine what our life would be like now without the dispute between these two giants. leave
The classic legend of the night, looking back at the wonderful matchup, talks about the winning geometry of AM2 to meet the "meat buckle", and everything is explained below.
In 1978, Intel produced the first practical 16-bit CPU-I 8086 chip, and introduced it continuously.
80286, 80386 and 80486 chips further consolidate the market. It is with these excellent products that Intel has achieved a leading position.
It leads the microprocessor market, so it is logical to become the maker of industry standards, thus leading software developers.
Follow your own pace and keep moving forward, thus laying a solid foundation for success.
As a future competitor of Intel-AMD, during this period, we can only bear the humiliation and keep up with Intel.
As its partner, it is more like Intel's OEM factory, because AMD introduced microprocessing during this period.
Equipment products not only have their own LOGO, but also add Intel's logo without exception, in order to keep a poor market share.
AMD has revealed the unique aggressive style of western cowboys.
However, fate does not seem to favor AMD, which ultimately lags far behind Intel. This is going to be mentioned.
At that time, another famous company, Apple, had already launched the Apple2 personal computer because of sex.
Can be outstanding, occupying most of the PC market. Then it attracted the "blue", which was first famous for producing large computers.
Color giant "-IBM's concern, it was not until that moment that IBM suddenly realized, but because it was eager to enter personal electricity."
Because of the huge potential market in the brain field, Intel's 8088 was finally selected as the processor of IBM's first personal PC. straight
It is this choice that created the giant of later generations-Intel, and at the same time established a strong enemy for itself.
However, there is a more important person who finally achieved Intel's hegemony, and that is the most powerful IT industry now.
Microsoft, the legendary giant of IT software industry. In the field of graphics operating system, Microsoft has experienced
The failure of Windows 1.0, the success of Windows2.5, the rise of Windows3.x until the release of Windows95, the most
Finally, because of the need for efficient and stable growth like Intel, they finally combined with each other, and Wintel Alliance made micro.
Both software and Intel are at the peak of their careers, achieving an ideal win-win situation. Intel can board a ship like Microsoft.
Mother, both offensive and defensive, is more difficult to shake.
AMD has lost the opportunity to stand on the same starting line with Intel from the beginning, and its state is also poor and backward.
Many AMD seem to have left the future processor market. Fortunately, a miracle happened to AMD.
At the beginning of X86 establishment, the two giants learned technology first.
Since 1990s, Apple series computers have started to find another way, and other non-X86 series CPUs have gradually faded out of the dance of history.
In Taiwan Province, the X86 processors produced by Intel are getting bigger and bigger. Following 1992, Intel has successively introduced new products of the 486 family.
Members-486DX2 and 486DX4 with frequency doubling technology and 486SL series (SMM) with power management function.
Frequency technology makes the internal working frequency of processor several times higher than the external frequency of processor, and then pushes the main frequency to a new high.
At the peak, the performance of microprocessors has reached an unprecedented height, and Intel has established an unshakable dominance.
While Intel is enjoying its spring breeze, AMD, Intel's future sworn enemy, has appeared in the X86 series camp.
Companies that produce X86-compatible processors are also named "386" and "486", but their prices are lower than Intel's.
Much, at that time, people's brand awareness was weak, as long as they used 386 or 486 processors, which was also a struggle for AMD.
There is a lot of living space.
With AMD eating into Intel's market in this way, Intel can't stand it any longer and immediately demands compatibility with it.
X86 CPU may not use X86 name, but the final judgment of the federal court is that CPU manufacturers compatible with X86 chips can still.
Continue to use X86 names on their products. In the next time, how many 386 and 486 processors will AMD produce?
In fact, it even surpassed Intel, and thus carved up a lot of CPU market share.
Seeing the loss of market share, Intel will certainly not sit idly by. When 1993 introduced a new generation of processors, it adopted.
A more astute naming method is not the previous 80X86, but the Pentium, which is well-known in the industry since then.
It is this practice of introducing the concept of branding into the processor market competition that once again makes people realize Intel's
Awesome, or it can be said that this experience has also cultivated Intel's monopoly style. AMD intervenes in X86 microprocessor market.
Field, but Intel has brought Intel into a more brilliant Pentium era, but also prompted Moore's Law to become the computer age.
The first law of. It is also reasonable that Intel, which has a deep understanding of competition early, can succeed.
At the beginning of X86 establishment, the two giants learned technology first.
Pentium's initial main frequency was 50Mhz, and later released 55Mhz, 60Mhz, 65Mhz, 70Mhz, 75Mhz,
Then jump directly to 90Mhz, 100Mhz, 120Mhz, 133Mhz, and the last product was called at that time.
It is precisely because of the appearance of Big Ben that Da Chong achieved direct comparison for the first time without a decompression card.
The perfect playing of VCD and the introduction of multimedia functions have completely changed people's understanding of Intel and started to learn to take the lead.
Intel immediately introduced more important technologies to Pentium processors. Firstly, the superscalar system is proposed.
Structure: Double waterline structure (two processing units: instruction execution unit and instruction fetch unit), not 80486.
A single pipeline enables it to execute two instructions in one clock cycle; Second, branch instruction is introduced for the first time, which makes Pent
Ium has branch prediction technology, which reduces the delay. Thirdly, the 64-bit data bus is introduced into Pentium processor for the first time.
Line improves the data transmission speed between memory and processor, and adopts pipeline burst mode when reading and writing memory.
Further improve the data transmission speed; Fourth, take the lead in making the cache practical. Pentium processors have two independent.
The first-level cache is used to store data and instructions respectively, which improves the execution speed of the program. Take the lead in technology
Intel has established a leading position in the field of microprocessor architecture, accelerated the standardization of modules and improved performance. At the same time,
Degree has consolidated people's trust in its products.
However, people who have known AMD processors for a long time have changed their views. At this point, AMD's goal is Intel.
Pentium processor is a 5X86 chip. Although it is only an enhanced version of 486, it gives people the impression that it is comparable to Pent.
After 80486, it is comparable to a new generation of products of ium. In fact, from all aspects, it is impossible to be related to Pentium's sex.
It is comparable, but the important thing is that the price of 5X86 chip is much cheaper than that of Pentium, and it can be installed in the original 486.
On the motherboard, this also won a certain share in the CPU market at that time. Fortunately, AMD, which is temporarily behind, also has it.
The indomitable sense of competition also determined that the PC market at that time had planned a new round of CPU technology war.
Vaguely, Intel has realized the existence of the crisis, and launched Pentium PRO at the end of 1995.
), integrated 5.5 million transistors, and improved Pentium in several aspects. In terms of treatment
On the other hand, Pentium PRO has introduced a new instruction execution mode, and its internal core is PISC processor, so its execution speed is faster.
Fast; Pentium PRO has three pipelines, each of which reaches 14 level, and the instruction execution speed is obviously improved. while
One of the bottlenecks of computer system is that the secondary cache on the motherboard can only work synchronously with the system bus Pentiu.
M PRO adopts the way that the chip core encapsulates 256K L2 cache, which solves the problem of running at the same frequency as CPU.
However, this also makes the price of Pentium PRO quite expensive. Fortunately, a system allows Pentium PRO.
There are four processors installed in the system, so the best location for Pentium PRO is high-end servers and workstations. However, sports
Ntium PRO disappeared from the market very quickly, and its short life span was amazing. The reason why Pentium PRO failed is that
Because Pentium PRO is only a pure 32-bit processor, it is not compatible with the previous 16-bit program software. The first batch of Penti
Um PRO processor also has a fatal operation error, which also gives AMD a chance to catch up.
In the Pentium era, the two giants officially went to war.
1 June, 9971day, Intel once again launched Pentium MMX chip, which was added on the basis of X86 instruction set.
57 multimedia teaching sessions were conducted. These instructions are specially used to process video, audio and image data, so that CPU can run in multimedia.
The system has more powerful processing power, and Pentium MMX has adopted many new technologies. Single instruction multiple data SIMD technology
It can process multiple data in parallel with one instruction, which shortens the use of CPU in processing video, audio, graphics and animation.
Calculation time; The pipeline is increased from 5 levels to 6 levels, and the first-level cache is extended to 16K, with one data cache.
The other is used for instruction cache, which greatly speeds up the speed; Pentium MMX also absorbs the excellent processing power of other CPUs.
Techniques such as branch prediction and returning to stack. MMX instruction set is a great stroke in the history of processor development.
Innovative technology can increase the speed by about 50% on the software supported by MMX. Some photos are much more detailed than before.
Computer games also make people really appreciate the charm of multimedia computers.
In the Pentium era, the two giants officially went to war.
1In August, 998, Intel announced the new Celeron 300A and Celeron at the same time that Pentium II 450 came out.
The appearance of 333. Facing the previous failure, Intel learned the lesson, and the new Celeron integrated 128KB into the chip.
Fast cache, although compared with Pentium II's 5 12KB L2 cache, Celeron's internal integrated L2 cache is still rare.
It's a pity, but this full-speed L2 cache of 128KB has greatly changed Celeron and greatly improved the whole Celeron.
Performance, and then introduced Celeron 366MHz/400MHz with Socket 370 interface, which greatly improved the performance at low price P.
Market competitiveness. At the same time, Celeron 300A also created a classic of that era.
1999, after AMD successfully launched K6-2, it launched upgraded products K6-3 and K6-2 while the iron was hot, among which K6
-3 is launched before K6-2. In fact, the difference between them and K6-2 lies in the secondary cache. The secondary cache of K6-2 is built on the main cache.
On the motherboard, it works at half the main frequency speed of CPU, while K6-3 follows the practice of Intel Celeron 300A, and will be two.
The first-level cache is encapsulated in CPU and runs at full speed, which cooperates with the cache on the original motherboard to form an unprecedented third level.
Level 1 cache. But it also brings a huge increase in cost, and the complicated design also greatly reduces the yield, making
For the first time, AMD encountered a situation that was not accepted by ordinary users because of its high price, and AMD also realized its good performance.
Doesn't mean sales are good. Since then, AMD quickly turned to K7 architecture, and later officially got rid of "working" for Intel.
Image, start to go your own way.
1999 On February 7, 20071,Intel released the PentiumIII processor with SLOT 1 architecture, starting at 450MHz.
Frequency 100 MHz. PentiumIII processor uses more advanced dynamic analysis technology and PSN serial number identification technology, and the most
Significantly, SSE instruction has been added. SSE is very helpful for 3D and graphics processing, and its performance ratio is the same as the main one.
PentiumII is about 50% faster at the main frequency. However, the matching i820 motherboard was Inte due to technical problems.
L has laid a curse, and the RDRAM memory it uses is expensive and the production capacity is very limited, which has caused PentiumIII.
The failure of. Intel, which is in a dominant position, once again made the mistake of overestimating its influence, which violated the wishes of users.
This practice can only end in failure.
1June, 999 AMD officially released the K7 processor (Pluto core). With its powerful performance, K7 series processors.
There is much room for improvement, and it has been active until 2005. The first generation K7 used SL similar to PentiumII and SLOT 1.
OTA interface, manufactured by 0.25 micron process, using EV6 bus which reached 200MHz front-end bus at that time, and
Expose memory bottlenecks. The first generation of K7 processors started at 500MHz, and the highest frequency was 700MHz, K7.
For the first time, it greatly surpassed PentiumIII in floating-point computing performance, and Intel's last advantage vanished instantly.
. AMD has really started to compete with Intel. K7 not only defeated the powerful Pentium III.
In the later period, it actually fought with Pentium 4 until 2005, which is indeed a legendary generation in AMD history.
In order to meet the huge challenge of AMD K7 processor and avoid the expensive price of SLOT 1 platform, Intel started the project in the second half of 1999.
In 2006, a brand-new PentiumIII processor Socket37 was introduced, which was packaged with copper core and FC-PGA.
0 interface. The new processor is manufactured in 0. 18 micron process, which is ahead of AMD's 133MHz front-end bus and has excellent performance.
It surpassed the old PentiumIII and reached the same level as K7. In 2000, Intel released 0. 13 micron process manufacturing.
PentiumIII-S processor, Tualatin core, highest frequency 1400MHz, full-speed L2 cache 5 12KB.
But also adds the latest data prefetching extension function. This technology is used for Pentium 4 processors.
History has also been continued. Later, Celeron with Tualatin kernel was introduced, and the secondary cache was reduced to 256KB, but it didn't.
But still very strong, it can be said that K7 is the strongest opponent. However, at this time, Intel made the wrong decision again.
High frequency meets people's psychological needs, but ignores the lower performance than Tualatin core processor, which also makes
AMD won the opportunity to fight back and finally got ahead of Intel in the performance of floating-point operation for a long time.
At this time, AMD realized that K5 processor could not compete with Pentium processor of the same grade, and actively acquired NEXGEN company, and
1In April, 1997, the K6 (code name Foot) processor developed on the basis of NX686 came out, and K6 was integrated with 880.
10,000 transistors with MMX instruction set, including two 32KB first-level cache units (32KB instruction and 32KB data).
Except that the floating-point computing ability is slightly lower than Pentium MMX, K6 is even better than Pentium in other aspects.
MMX is almost the same as Pentium II in many aspects. The most important thing is that the price of K6 processor is very low.
1997 in may, Intel launched the world-famous Pentium II processor, which adopted the SLOT 1 architecture and passed the.
Single-sided plug-in card (SEC) is connected to the motherboard, and the SEC card box encapsulates the CPU core and the secondary cache together, and the secondary cache is high.
The working speed of cache is half that of processor core; The processor uses the same dynamics as Pentium PRO.
State execution technology can accelerate the execution of software; Multiple numbering can be performed by connecting to the system bus through dual independent buses.
According to the exchange, improve the system performance; PentiumII also contains the MMX instruction set. Intel wants to use the SLOT 1 architecture.
AMD died, but I didn't expect the Socket 7 platform to enter with the support of AMD's K6-2 processor.
Another spring has come. Intel, on the other hand, began to embark on an uncertain road and began to enforce its own standards frequently.
Yes, in an attempt to crush competitors quickly, but the demand of the market and users made Intel start constantly.
Fall into a passive and unfavorable situation.
In addition, the neglect of the low-end market also caused a lot of trouble to Intel, because the low-end processor was almost AMD at that time.
After the occupation, Intel gradually found that it was a very serious mistake to give up the low-end market with a majority market share. In order to hurry
In order to recover the loss in the low-end market, Intel adopted an alternative method, namely PentiumII processor.
The second-level cache is completely removed (Covington kernel) as its product for low-end users, which is the earliest Cele.
Ron, this will not only save the time and cost of research and development, but also have no impact on the high-end market of PentiumII. inchoate
Celeron is manufactured by a very advanced 0.25 micron process. Its overclocking and calorific value control are excellent, but
Without the integrated L2 cache, the actual performance is also very disappointing.
1in March, 998, AMD released the K6-2 processor, which made several important improvements, the most important of which was
One is to adopt 3D now! Technology, which adds 2 1 instructions to the original K6 processor, can quickly
With the aid of 3D graphics, K6-2 also supports MMX technology. 3D now! And MMX technology complement each other.
MMX is used to strengthen the integer operation ability, and 3D is now! It supplements the deficiency of floating-point operation ability, and these two items
The integration of technology provides powerful kinetic energy for the multimedia application of AMD processors. AMD is the first floating-point operation.
Catch up with Intel.
Pentium 4 decisive battle K7 two giants struggle intensified.
In June 2000, Pentium 4 entered people's field of vision with the help of Intel's powerful propaganda offensive. Initial Pe
Ntium 4 (Willamette) is internally integrated with 256KB secondary cache, which is manufactured by 0. 18 micron process, and the startup frequency is just right.
It reaches 1300MHz, adopts Socket 423 interface, matches i850 motherboard, and still matches RDRAM memory.
Meet the bandwidth requirements of 400MHz front-end bus. Although people are full of hope for Pentium 4, after the product goes on the market,
Surprisingly, the design of 20-stage ultra-long pipeline has raised the frequency to a new height, but the performance is real.
Seriously affected, the performance of Celeron 1000MHz processor with Tualatin core is mainly at 1500MHz.
The frequency of Pentium 4, in order to prevent tualatin from seizing the high-end market of Pentium 4, was artificially created by Intel.
Destroy tualatin.
In May, 20001year, AMD introduced Morgan core processor to deal with Tualatin Celeron provided by Morgan processor.
In order to support SSE technology, while reducing calorific value, its performance exceeds that of Duron, which can be described as a game of chess with tualatin Celeron.
Meet your opponent. The main frequency 1000MHz was first realized by AMD on K7 platform, and then AMD introduced 266MH.
Thunderbird processor of z FSB. At the same time, the Duron processor for low-end users is introduced to compete with Celeron and D.
Uron is equipped with 64KB L2 cache, which is better than Celeron, a copper mine with the same frequency, and not the same as PentiumIII.
To make matters worse, Duron instantly became popular among low-end players, and at this time, domestic users also had a new understanding of AMD.
When PentiumIII was killed by K7, the platform i820 was defeated, and the main frequency standard of 1000MHz was seized by AMD.
A series of blows that Intel has never seen before. Intel executives immediately convened a meeting and made something they later regretted.
Frequent warfare. In July 20001year, Intel released a new and improved Northwood Pentium 4/ Celeron processor.
Northwood core processor adopts 0. 13 micron process, the secondary cache is upgraded to 5 12KB, and the FSB is upgraded from 400MHz.
Up to 533MHz, the main frequency starts from 1.6G and reaches 3.2G at the highest. With the increase of main frequency and core, Ne
Tburst architecture still shows great power. At this point, Intel finally switched to DDR memory camp and made Pentiu.
M 4 processor has got a better balance in cost performance. Later Pentium 4 changed the FSB from 533MHz.
After upgrading to 800MHz, with dual-channel DDR400, the performance is more powerful. Later, Intel was still in Pentium 4 3.06 (
Information article price review) Hyper-threading (HT) technology is introduced into GHz processor for the first time, which enables its CPU to
In order to make full use of the multitasking advantages provided by Windows. This strategy enables Intel to increase its product promotion efforts.
There are many gimmicks, and these just cater to the needs of users.
Facing the challenge of Northwood Pentium 4 processor, AMD introduced thoroughbred horses in April 2002.
Core AMD AthlonXP processor. In June of the same year, improved variety B-core Ath was introduced.
LonXP processor, FSB has also been upgraded to 266/333MHz, using P-Rating value to dilute human reality.
The fact that the international frequency is too low proves that this is indeed a very effective method. Later, AMD introduced Barton Core.
AthlonXP processor, the secondary cache is upgraded to 5 12KB, the FSB is 333MHz/400MHz, and the highest frequency reaches 2.
33 GHz, at this point, K7 reached the highest peak in history and became a classic widely loved by players. Although performance and super
Excellent frequency performance, can face the high frequency of Pentium 4 processor standard, and there is nothing wrong with K7 processor that does not overclock.
What is outstanding is that even AMD has to admit this fact. Fortunately, the price is relatively cheap and the overclocking performance is outstanding.
Finally made it to 2005.
64-bit era plus dual-core giants give it a try.
Although Intel won the K7 platform through publicity, people gradually become rational, and frequency is of course very important.
However, it is also an indisputable fact that the 3D performance of its products is low. However, it was not until June 2004 that Intel introduced Prescott.
Core Pentium 4 processor, and gradually move towards the LGA 775 platform, but compared with the 478-pin Pentium 4 processing.
In addition to 3D performance (supported by SSE3 technology), the performance of the device has not been greatly improved.
. In the later period, Intel processors were transferred to Pentium 5XX and 6XX series, and Prescott Core Celeron D processing was introduced.
Equipment, the introduction of extended memory 64 bit technology (EM64T) and XD antivirus technology.
And EIST power saving technology, the number of transistors increased to 65.438+0.69 billion, and the silicon crystal area was 654.38+0.35 square centimeter. 775 stitches
Pentium 4 506/630 has also become a classic of this generation, but due to the immaturity of 0.09 micron process, it leads to
At high frequency, the leakage current of transistor is serious, but the power consumption and calorific value have been greatly improved, and the performance is crowned.
The hand was given to AMD who came from behind.
As early as 1999 10, it was reported that AMD was developing a brand-new K8(X86) processor. Until 200 1
65438+ 10 June, the specification framework of K8 processor was announced in the microprocessor forum.
That's true. On April 23rd, 2003, AMD finally officially released the 64-bit Opteron processor in new york, USA. September 24th of the same year.
AMD Athlon64 processor was officially launched, and the X86-64 instruction set was introduced for the first time. The release of Athlon64 has really been announced.
Tell about the arrival of the era of personal 64-bit computing. Later, AMD successively introduced Athlon64 FX series with Socket939 interface.
Athlon64 (supports dual-channel memory, hardware antivirus, cool' n' quiet intelligent temperature control technology and SSE3 instruction set.
Wait. ) for high-end users, and later introduced Athlon6 with Socket754 interface specially for low-end users.
4/Sempron (dual channel memory is not supported) processor. However, the disadvantages of non-uniform interface are increasingly prominent, and the same is true.
It also caused dissatisfaction among users.
On May 27th, 2005, Intel positioned itself in the Pentium d8xx series, the mainstream dual-core flagship chip.
The organizer was released. The initial frequency is 2.8GHZ, and the Smithfield core with 90nm technology has a silicon crystal area of 206 square centimeters.
Meters (206㎡), two independent processor circuit cores are built in a silicon chip, and each CPU core has its own.
12KμOps,16kdb d-cache, 1MB L2 cache are designed with independent NetBurst architecture, and a set of 80 is adopted.
Design of 0MHz front-end bus. Although the test results are better than AMD's dual-core Athlon 64 X2 (data article
The processor is relatively poor, but after several sharp price cuts in 2006, it has been nearly 50% cheaper and has become popular.
The first choice for multi-core enthusiasts.
On August 2, 2005, AMD officially released the dual-core Athlon 64 X2 processor, with a minimum startup frequency of 2000M m m.
Hz, 1MB L2 cache, power consumption is only 89W, even lower than some single-core products. Athlon 64 X2
The processors all adopt 90 nm technology, and the number of transistors reaches 65.438+0.54 billion, with Socket 939 interface. Despite excellent performance
Excellent, overclocking is good, but the high price in the later period caused a situation that could not be accepted by users, so Inte was allowed in vain.
L dual-core Pentium d picked up a bargain.
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Due to the limitation of words, we have to adopt the following forms of address:
Encyclopedia of CPU models
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Development history of AMD processor
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The difference between Intel and AMD
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History of memory development
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Overview of graphics card development
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Hard disk development history and related knowledge
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The south bridge and the north bridge of the motherboard actually refer to the chipset of the motherboard. At present, there are only a few companies that can produce chips in the world, and the famous one is of course Intel.
The development history of motherboard chipset
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