Development history:
First, the history of motorcycles
1, derived from motor (internal combustion engine) and cycle engine.
1884, Edward, England? Butler added a power device to the bicycle and made a tricycle, which was powered by kerosene. 1885, the "father of cars" in Germany? Daimler made a three-wheeled motorcycle driven by a single-cylinder Xinhua gasoline engine. On August 29th of the same year, he obtained a patent for this invention.
Therefore, Daimler is recognized by the world as the inventor of motorcycles. Daimler's first motorcycle was driven by a four-stroke internal combustion engine. The working pit of the cylinder is 264 cubic centimeters. At 700 revolutions per minute, the power can reach 0.5 horsepower and the speed can reach 65,438+02 kilometers per hour. The car is made of wood, the rear wheel is driven by a belt, and there are auxiliary support wheels on both sides. In view of Daimler's irreplaceable historical position, after his death, the Udenberg branch of the German Engineer Association established his monument in Kantat Square. Because it was in this square that he drove his first motorcycle.
2. A brief history of motorcycle development
Since 1885, Germany invented and manufactured the world's first motorcycle powered by gasoline engine, the development of motorcycles has experienced great changes for more than 100 years.
The original motorcycle, a real model existing in Munich Science and Technology Museum, Germany, is the first motorcycle in the world that German Daimler obtained the patent invention priority on August 29th, 1885.
100 years ago, the gasoline engine at that time was still in a low-level and naive state, and the vehicle manufacturing at that time was still in the stage of carriage technology. Primitive motorcycles are quite different from modern motorcycles in appearance, structure and performance. The frame of the original Tommy car was made of wood. Judging from the wood grain, it was made by a carpenter. Wheels are also made of wood. The wheels are covered with iron. What is the middle and lower part of the frame? A square wooden frame with an engine on it, one on each side? A small supporting wheel, its function is to prevent toppling when it is stationary. Therefore. This car actually landed on four wheels. The engine cooled by a single-cylinder fan drives the rear wheel forward through two-stage reduction transmission of belt and gear. The car seat is saddle-shaped and covered with leather. The working volume of engine cylinder is 264mL, and the maximum power is 0.37 kW(70or/min), which is only 1/5 of that of modern simple motorcycle. Speed 12km, not much faster than walking. Udine didn't have a bumper like a spring at that time, so this car was called a "bone shaking car". It is conceivable that driving on the stone street in the19th century is worse than execution. Although the original motorcycle was so simple, it was only then that the motorcycle was constantly changed and improved, and the descendants of hundreds of millions of modern motorcycles with IOO for many years were formed.
Compared with German motorcycles, American motorcycles, among which Harry Davidson Company is world-famous. 1903 model 1 (the earliest commercial motorcycle in the United States) produced by Harley company in the United States. The engine cylinder of this car has a working volume of 409mL and a power of 2.94kW, and adopts a bicycle frame. Motorcycle is a product of the times, and it is a model that reflects the level of science and technology at that time, that is, motorcycles at different stages are marked with the development of science and technology in different times. The original motorcycle was not practical, because the technology at that time could not meet the most basic parts needed for its normal operation, so it could only be put in the laboratory.
19 from the 1990s to the beginning of the 20th century, early motorcycles began to have practical value, and were mass-produced in factories and became commodities. This is the second generation motorcycle, that is, the motorcycle of the first generation of commodities, because new inventions and technologies were adopted at that time, such as pneumatic rubber tires, ball bearings, clutches and transmissions, front suspension and damping systems, and spring seats. For example, 19 12 X -8A single-cylinder motorcycle produced by Harley Company in the United States. At that time, the transmission and transmission system had not been solved, only the belt was used to drive the big pulley attached to the rear wheel, and the rear brake shoe was pulled by the handle to brake. At that time, the problem of the rear shock absorber was not solved, and the front shock absorber had a simple shock absorber attached to the front fork.
After 1930s, with the continuous progress of science and technology, motorcycle production has adopted rear suspension system, mechanical ignition system, drum mechanical braking device, chain drive and so on. Motorcycles have climbed to a new level and gradually matured, and are widely used in transportation, competition and military affairs. This is the third stage of the motorcycle-the mature stage. From 65438 to 0936, American Harley Company has been able to manufacture high-level motorcycles. The car uses a V-type twin-cylinder engine, 1000mL, OHV, 27.93kW, and the top speed150 km/h/h.
The development of motorcycles is like a series of steps, and the more you stop, the higher you get. 1885' s original motorcycle was placed on the first floor. The second floor is the first batch of motorcycles produced in the world. This is 1000 motorcycles and bicycles with two-cylinder four-stroke engines imported from Germany in/894. The third floor is a popular racing motorcycle in the 1930s, and the motorcycles here already have practical functions. The fourth floor is a modern luxury motorcycle after the 1970s. The figure not only shows the four stages of motorcycle development, but also configures the different clothes of vehicle drivers in the four stages.
Since 1970s, motorcycle production has adopted electronic ignition technology, electric start, disc brake and streamlined body guard, and in 1990s, exhaust gas purification technology and ABS anti-lock braking device have been adopted, making motorcycle an advanced motor vehicle with beautiful appearance, superior performance, convenient use and convenience, and one of the important symbols of contemporary earth civilization. Especially the large-displacement luxury motorcycle, the advanced technology of modern automobile is transplanted to the motorcycle, which makes the motorcycle reach the perfect state. The development of motorcycles has entered the fourth stage-the peak stage.
History of motorcycles in various countries
First, the United States
The United States is one of the earliest countries to manufacture motorcycles. The famous companies are Harley-Davidson and Indian.
Harley-Davidson motorcycles have become a symbol of a nostalgic era. 1907, Harley-Davidson company manufactured the first V-type twin-cylinder engine, which can provide twice the power for motorcycles compared with the traditional single-cylinder engine. This kind of engine has occupied a dominant position in the history of American motorcycle manufacturing for more than 80 years. In 1930s, the sales of Harley-Davidson motorcycles ranked first in the United States. In the 1940s, they were challenged by British cars because they were lighter and faster. In the early 1960s, Japanese motorcycles with small displacement flooded into the American market. From 65438 to 0969, Harley merged with American machinery and foundry companies, and expanded the capital and resource market. At the end of 1980s, Harley-Davidson motorcycles were fully revived, and every motorcycle it produced was guaranteed in quality.
The Indian company is a distant star. It used to be brilliant. 1899, the engineer Oscar Hyde built a motorized two-wheeled vehicle, which opened the motorcycle manufacturing history of Indian companies. For a time, Indian companies conquered buyers with bright colors and excellent performance, but were discouraged by several owners and some short-sighted investment behaviors. In the 1950s, they ended their historical mission.
Second, Japan.
Japan is undoubtedly the representative of modern industry in Asia, and so is the motorcycle manufacturing industry. Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki are the four most famous motorcycle companies in Japan.
The beginning of Japanese motorcycle manufacturing can be traced back to the beginning of this century, but the real scale was formed after World War II. Due to the disaster of the war, Japan's finance was in chaos and public transportation was paralyzed. The market is in urgent need of cheap and convenient personal transportation. In this context, a number of companies came into being, such as Honda. Honda started exporting motorcycles overseas on 1959, followed by Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki. At that time, the fierce competition among the four major companies in Japan's domestic market prompted companies to work hard on the design, manufacture and marketing of new models and quickly occupy the world market. At that time, the most successful British producer in the world was also standing still. By 196 1, Honda has become the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world.
Japanese motorcycles are characterized by beautiful appearance and comfortable driving. Some details, such as indicator light, transmission, electric starter, overhead camshaft engine, are the standard of Japanese motorcycles, even on cars with 125ml displacement, which can bring surprises to buyers.
By 1969, Honda broke through the large motorcycle market that British manufacturers have been sticking to with a CB750, marking the arrival of the Japanese motorcycle era and providing motorcycles with appropriate configuration for the first market. Third, Germany
Germany is the birthplace of motorcycles, and BMW is the most famous company.
When BMW was founded, it only produced aircraft engines, as evidenced by the famous blue and white propeller pattern. 192 1 year, BMW began to produce motorcycle twin-cylinder engines; 1923, BMW aircraft designer Marcos freese unveiled the prelude of motorcycle production. The 500ml engine is installed in the frame, and the cylinder extends to both sides. This simple and effective design scheme has been used to this day. BMW motorcycles are famous for their excellent manufacturing technology and high price. There is a market rule in the field of automobile sales. Whether a car sells well depends on the German reaction to it. This rule also applies to the motorcycle market. BMW enjoys a world-renowned reputation for its extraordinary quality, and its motorcycles have been selected by national guest etiquette teams in many countries.
Fourth, China.
195 1 in August, China officially began to trial-produce motorcycles by itself. At that time, the Sixth Factory of China People's Liberation Army completed the trial production of five heavy military motorcycles, which were named Jinggangshan brand by the Central Military Commission. The top speed of the car can reach 1 10 km. By 1953, the annual output of Jinggangshan brand two-wheeled motorcycle exceeded 1000. The appearance of Jinggangshan brand motorcycle marks a new era of motorcycle industry in China.
In recent years, the motorcycle industry in China has developed rapidly. In terms of product output, the annual output has increased from 49,000 vehicles in 1980 to 970,000 vehicles in 1990, and now it is more than 10 million vehicles in 1000. China has become the country with the largest motorcycle production in the world, and motorcycles have become an important part of the automobile industry, a pillar industry of China's national economy.
Verb (short for verb) leads to the future.
After a hundred years of wind and rain, motorcycles are developing in a newer, faster and safer direction.
Modern motorcycle industry has introduced a large number of advanced technologies. For example, the FLHRC- 1 motorcycle launched by Harley-Davidson Company in 1998 adopted the world-class automobile engine technology-fuel injection device, which not only improved the power, but also met the environmental protection needs of contemporary society and became the forerunner of motorcycles in 2 1 century.
The application of high and new technologies such as optical communication electronic control system, radar ranging automatic control system, electronic map navigation system and acoustic wave electronic silencing system in some concept motorcycles has made modern motorcycles more perfect and more powerful. Of course, no matter how it changes, we can all see the shadow of cars a hundred years ago. Daimler should be deeply gratified by this.
Introduction of motorcycles. Motorcycles can be divided into street cars, road racing cars, cross-country motorcycles, cruise cars and station wagons. Second, sports motorcycles sports motorcycles are also called sports cars. The leading idea of its design is for people's leisure and vacation. It is an interesting means of transportation and an amusement tool to experience the fun of life. Sports motorcycles cover a wide range. The super sports motorcycles and travel motorcycles introduced below have the function of sports motorcycles, so they can also be classified as sports motorcycles. 1, Road Motorcycles Motorcycles mainly used on paved roads are called road motorcycles. Road motorcycles can be divided into three categories, namely super sports motorcycles, traveling motorcycles and American motorcycles. Because this kind of motorcycle mainly travels on flat roads, it is also called city motorcycle. The concept and scope of application of road motorcycles are also very vague. Actually, it might be better to call it an ordinary motorcycle. Structurally speaking, road motorcycles are only suitable for paving roads and can achieve the best performance. On the contrary, there will be many difficulties in driving in areas without roads. Accordingly, cross-country motorcycles can be divided into travel cross-country motorcycles and urban cross-country motorcycles according to the place of use. 2. Super sports motorcycles Generally speaking, motorcycles attach great importance to the comfort and convenience of driving. Super sports motorcycle is different, it pays more attention to the high-speed driving performance of motorcycle. Riding this motorcycle, the rider can fully feel the pleasure and fun when the engine, tires and road surface change. It is different from racing, it pursues youth and dynamic when riding, rather than blindly pursuing high speed like racing. Without a certain high-speed performance as a guarantee, it is difficult for cyclists to experience this pleasure, so the speed of motorcycles must be increased. But once you can have fun riding, you don't have to speed up.