Joule, a famous British scientist, loved physics since he was a child. He often did some experiments about electricity and heat by himself.
One year on holiday, Joule and his brother traveled to the countryside together. Smart and studious Joule didn't forget to do his physics experiment even when he was playing.
He found a lame horse, led by his brother, and hid behind him quietly. He used a Volta battery to pass current to the horse, trying to test the animal's reaction after being stimulated by the current. As a result, the reaction he wanted to see appeared. The horse jumped wildly after receiving the electric shock and almost kicked his brother.
Although the danger has appeared, it has not affected the mood of little Joule who loves to do experiments at all. He and giggle rowed to the lake surrounded by mountains, where Joule wanted to try out the echo. They filled the musket with gunpowder and then pulled the trigger. Who knows "bang", a long flame spurted from the muzzle, which burned Joule's eyebrows and almost scared his brother into the lake.
At this time, the sky was densely covered with clouds, and there was lightning and thunder. Joule, who just wanted to go ashore to take shelter from the rain, found that it took a long time to hear the roaring thunder after each lightning. What happened?
Joule did not take shelter from the rain. He dragged his brother up a hill and carefully recorded the time between lightning and thunder with his pocket watch.
After school started, Joule almost couldn't wait to tell the teacher all the experiments he had done, and asked the teacher for advice.
The teacher smiled at Joule, who was studious and inquisitive, and patiently explained to him: "The speed of light and sound is different. The speed of light is fast and the speed of sound is slow, so people always want to see lightning before hearing thunder, but in fact lightning and thunder happen at the same time."
Joule suddenly realized. From then on, he became more fascinated with learning scientific knowledge. Through continuous study and careful observation and calculation, he finally discovered mechanical equivalent of heat and the law of conservation of energy and became an excellent scientist.
2. Seeking knowledge-self-improvement
The British physicist Prague, whose family was very poor when he was a child, finally made great achievements through his unremitting pursuit of dreams and tenacious efforts. And the poor years he experienced became the driving force that inspired him to move forward in the future.
When he was studying at school, his parents couldn't buy him nice clothes and comfortable shoes because of the poor economic conditions at home. He was often in rags, dragging a pair of worn leather shoes that didn't match his feet. But young Prague never felt inferior because of poverty, and he never complained that his family could not provide him with superior living conditions. That pair of oversized leather shoes looks ridiculous on his feet, but he doesn't feel inferior. On the contrary, he cherishes this pair of shoes very much, because it can bring him unlimited motivation.
It turns out that these shoes were sent to him by his father. The family is poor, so we can't buy him a pair of comfortable and strong shoes. Even this pair of old leather shoes is still his father's. Although the father is also full of guilt, he still gives his son ardent hope, unparalleled encouragement and strong emotional support. In his letter to him, his father wrote, "... I'm sorry, son. I hope that in another year or two, my shoes will not be big on your feet." ..... I hold the hope that once you have achieved something, I will be proud of it, because my son worked hard in my broken shoes. ..... "This letter with profound meaning and full of expectations has always been like an invisible force, pushing Prague on the rugged mountain road of science and stepping on thorns. Galileo's story
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564, next to the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. His father is a bankrupt aristocrat. When Galileo came to the world, his family was already poor. At the age of 17, Galileo was admitted to the University of Pisa. In college, Galileo not only studied hard, but also liked to ask questions to his teachers. Even if it is something that people are used to and used to, he will break the casserole and ask (grain) to the end, and get a clear picture.
Keep your eyes on the ceiling
Once, he stood in a Catholic church in Pisa, staring at the ceiling, motionless. What is he doing? It turned out that he pressed the pulse of his left hand with his right hand and looked at the light swinging back and forth on the ceiling. He found that although the swing of the lamp is getting weaker and weaker, the distance of each swing is gradually shortened, but the time required for each swing is the same. So Galileo made a pendulum with an appropriate length and measured the speed and uniformity of the pulse. From here, he found the law of pendulum. The clock was made according to the law he discovered.
study hard when you are out of school
The poverty of family life forced Galileo to leave the university early. After dropping out of school, Galileo still studied mathematics hard at home. Thanks to his continuous efforts, he has made excellent achievements in the research of mathematics. At the same time, he also invented a specific gravity scale and wrote a paper entitled "Center of Gravity of Solid". At this time, the 21-year-old Galileo has become famous all over the country, and people call him "the contemporary Archimedes". At the age of 25, Pisa University made an exception and hired him as a professor of mathematics.
The world-famous falling body experiment
Before Galileo, Aristotle in ancient Greece thought that the speed of falling objects was different. Its falling speed is proportional to its weight. The heavier the object, the faster it falls. For example, an object weighing 1 kilograms falls 1 times faster than an object weighing 1 kilogram.
since more than p>17 years ago, people have always regarded this theory, which goes against the laws of nature, as an unquestionable truth. Young Galileo boldly questioned Aristotle's theory according to his own empirical reasoning. After careful consideration, he decided to do an experiment himself. He chose the leaning tower of Pisa as the experimental field. On this day, he brought two iron balls of the same size but different weights, one weighing 1 pounds and solid; The other one weighs 1 pound and is hollow. Galileo stood on the leaning tower of Pisa and looked under it. The tower was full of people who came to watch, and everyone was talking about it. Someone sarcastically said, "This young man's nerves must be sick! Aristotle's theory cannot be wrong! " The experiment began. Galileo took an iron ball in each hand and shouted, "People below, look clearly, the iron ball is about to fall." Say that finish, he put his hands open at the same time. People saw that two iron balls fell parallel and fell to the ground almost at the same time. All the people were dumbfounded. Galileo's experiment uncovered the secret of falling body movement and overthrew Aristotle's theory. This experiment is of epoch-making significance in the history of physics development.
Made the first telescope
Copernicus was an outstanding Polish astronomer. After 4 years of astronomical observation, he put forward the theory of "Heliocentrism". He thinks that the center of the universe is the sun, not the earth. The earth is an ordinary planet, which revolves around the sun while rotating. Galileo believed in Copernicus' "Heliocentrism" very early. One day in June 168, Galileo found an empty tube with a convex mirror embedded in one end and a concave mirror embedded in the other end, making the world's first small astronomical telescope. Experiments show that it can enlarge the original object three times. Galileo was not satisfied, so he further improved and made another one. He ran to the seaside with this telescope, only to see the vast sea rolling and not seeing a boat. However, when he picked up the telescope and looked far away, a ship was coming to the shore from a distance. Practice has proved that it can be enlarged by 8 times. Galileo kept improving and manufacturing, and finally, his telescope could magnify the original 32 times.
Heliocentrism of Copernicus
Every night, Galileo used his telescope to watch the moon. He saw mountains, deep valleys and cracks in volcanoes on the moon. Later, I began to watch space and explore the mysteries of the universe. He found that the Milky Way is made up of many small stars. He also found that there are black spots in the sun, and the positions of these black spots are constantly changing. So he concluded that the sun itself was spinning. Galileo buried his head in observation and proved with irrefutable facts that the earth revolves around the sun, and the sun is just an ordinary star, thus proving the correctness of Copernicus' theory. In 161, Galileo published the famous Star Messenger. People admire and say, "Columbus discovered the new continent and Galileo discovered the new universe."
2, Newton's story
Newton
is known as Newton, the pioneer of modern science, and has made great contributions to science. His three great achievements-the analysis of light, the law of universal gravitation and calculus-laid the foundation for the development of modern science.
Why did Newton make great achievements in science? How did he become a great scientist from an ordinary person? To answer these questions, we can't help but think of several stories about his hard study and hard work.
"I must pass him!"
When it comes to Newton, people may think that he must have been a "child prodigy", "genius" and had extraordinary intelligence when he was a child. Actually, Newton's childhood was thin and his mind was not smart. When I was studying in my hometown, I didn't study hard, and my academic performance in my class was inferior. But his interests are extensive, and his game skills are higher than those of ordinary children. Usually, he likes to make mechanical models, such as windmills, waterwheels, sundials and so on. A water clock that he carefully made is accurate in timing and has won people's praise.
sometimes, he plays in a strange way. One day, he made a lantern and hung it on the tail of a kite. When night falls, the lighted lanterns rise into the air by the rising power of kites. Luminous lanterns flow in the air, and people are frightened and think that there is a comet. Nevertheless, he is often discriminated against because of his poor academic performance.
At that time, the British hierarchy in feudal society was very serious. Students who studied well in primary and secondary schools could discriminate against students who studied poorly. There was a game during recess, when everyone was in high spirits, a well-studied student kicked Newton and called him an idiot. Newton's mind was so stimulated that he was extremely angry. He thought, we are both students. Why should I be bullied by him? I must pass him! From then on, Newton made up his mind to study hard. He gets up early and goes to bed late, making every minute count, studying hard and thinking hard.
After studying hard, Newton's academic performance kept improving, and he soon surpassed the classmate who had bullied him, ranking first in his class.
Fun under the fence
Many famous scientists in the world have poor families. On the road to success, they all struggled tenaciously with the difficult situation. Newton's childhood situation is also very sympathetic.
Newton was born in 1642 in the home of an ordinary farmer in England. Newton's father died shortly before he was born. Mother remarried when he was two years old. When Newton was fourteen years old, his stepfather died unfortunately, and his mother returned to her hometown. Newton was forced to drop out of school and go home to help her farm. Mother wants to train him to make a living independently and wants him to deal in agricultural products.
how reluctant a studious child is to leave his beloved school! He cried several times sadly, but his mother never changed her mind. Finally, she had to learn business against her will. Every morning, he and an old servant go to a big town more than ten miles away to do business. Newton disliked business very much, and entrusted all affairs to an old servant, but he secretly went to a place to study.
As time went by, Newton became more and more disgusted with business, and all he liked was reading. Later, Newton simply stopped going to the town to do business, and only told the old servant to go alone. Afraid that his family would find out, he went out with the old servant every day, stopped halfway and studied under a fence. Whenever the old servant comes back in the afternoon, we will go home together.
In this way, day after day, the reading life under the fence is also very enjoyable. One day, he was reading cheerfully under the fence when his uncle saw him passing by. When my uncle saw this scene, he was very angry and loudly scolded him for doing nothing. Snatched Newton's book. My uncle was touched when he saw that what he was reading was a math book with all kinds of marks painted on it. My uncle hugged Newton and said excitedly, "son, just develop according to your ambition. Your right way should be to study."
After returning home, my uncle tried his best to persuade Newton's mother to let Newton abandon business and go to school. With the help of his uncle, Newton returned to school as he wished.
Studying and calculating the wind force in a storm
Time is the same for people, giving people the same amount, but people use time differently and gain different knowledge.
When Newton was sixteen years old, his knowledge of mathematics was still superficial, and he even didn't understand advanced mathematics. "Knowledge lies in accumulation, and cleverness comes from learning". Newton made up his mind to climb the peak of mathematics by his own efforts. Under the unfavorable conditions of poor foundation, Newton can correctly understand himself and make progress despite difficulties. He relearned the basic knowledge and basic formulas, and made solid progress step by step. After studying Euclidean geometry, he studied Cartesian geometry. In contrast, he thought Euclidean geometry was superficial, so he studied Descartes < P > geometry carefully until he got the gist and mastered it. So he invented the algebraic binomial theorem. The legendary story of Newton's "calculating the wind force in a big storm" can prove Newton's body mechanics. One day, there was a big storm. The wind is howling wildly, the dust is flying, and the mystery is long, making it difficult to open your eyes. Newton thought it was a good opportunity to study and calculate the wind accurately. So, he took the appliance and ran back and forth in the storm alone. He stumbled and labored to measure. Several times the dust lost his eyes, several times the wind blew away the paper, and several times the wind forced him to suspend his work, but none of them shook his desire for knowledge. He finally got the correct data over and over again. He was so happy that he hurried home to continue his research. Where there is a will, there is a way. After diligent study, Newton laid a solid foundation for his scientific tower. Soon, Newton's mathematical tower was built. At the age of 22, he invented differential calculus, and at the age of 23, he invented integral calculus, which made great contributions to the cause of human science.
The secret of gravity and light
When Newton was twenty-three, plague was prevalent in London. In order to prevent students from being infected, Cambridge University informed students to leave school and go home to avoid the epidemic, and the school was temporarily closed. Newton returned to his hometown of Lincolnshire. He never stopped studying and researching during the days when he stayed out of school in the country. The basic work of inventions such as gravity, calculus and light analysis was completed during this period.
At that time, children in the countryside often used slings to make several rounds and then threw stones far away. They can also turn a bucket of milk over their heads without the milk falling off.
These facts made him suspicious: "What forces keep the stones in the catapult and the milk in the bucket from falling? For this question, he once thought of the thoughts of Kepler and Galileo. He went from the vast space, the endless planets, the cold moon to the huge earth, and then thought of the interaction between these giants. At this time, Newton plunged into the calculation and verification of "gravity". Newton plans to use this principle to verify the laws of action of the planets in the solar system. He first deduced that the distance between the moon and the earth was
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