As a barometer of a country's macroeconomic development, unemployment indicates the current and future development of the country's economy, which will inevitably affect the formulation of monetary policy and have a significant impact on the exchange rate.
Non-farm payrolls report The U.S. employment report data is released together with the unemployment rate. Usually the announcement time is Friday in the first week of every month.
At present, all countries publish GNP on a quarterly basis. GNP shows the sum of all the production and services of various departments in a period of time in monetary form, which is a comprehensive performance of different economic data and reflects the current economic development. At present, every country publishes GDP quarterly, which shows all the economic activities of the country in a certain period, including the profits generated by foreign companies investing in establishing subsidiaries in its territory. PPI shows the cost of commodity production (the change of raw material price) and the change of future commodity price, thus affecting the change of future consumer price and consumer psychology.
Consumer price index CPI reflects the current price changes of consumers' spending on goods and services and shows the changes of inflation, which is an important indicator for people to observe inflation in this country. Personal income includes all income from wages and social welfare, which reflects the actual purchasing power level of individuals in this country and indicates the changes in consumers' demand for goods and services in the future.
Personal consumption expenditure, including personal expenditure on goods and services, is an important indicator to measure residents' consumption expenditure. The consumer confidence index reflects the optimism of citizens about their economic development, and indicates the changes of future consumption expenditure.
The industrial production index reflects the total production of the country's production and manufacturing industries. Housing operating rate is an index to measure the activity of the construction industry in this country. Because the construction industry is the leading industry in the economic development cycle, it indicates the future economic changes.
Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is a barometer reflecting the comprehensive development of manufacturing industry from the aspects of production, order, price, employees and delivery. Usually, 50% is the dividing line. Above 50% is considered as manufacturing expansion, while below 50% means economic contraction. The National Purchasing Managers Association index NAPM, the American Purchasing Managers Index and the Chicago Purchasing Managers Index were released two days before and after.
The retail sales index reflects the commodity transactions in the form of cash and credit cards in the retail industry (excluding the service industry). Wholesale price index The wholesale price index reflects the wholesale prices of bulk materials that do not contain labor services, such as raw materials, intermediate products, final products and import and export products.
Foreign trade (trade balance) reflects the comparison between the country's income and the total foreign trade in a period, that is, the inflow and outflow of money. The importance of this data to the exchange rates of various countries is generally Japan, Britain, the euro zone and the United States. Factory orders reflect the demand of consumers, manufacturers or * * * for future commodity output.
Durable goods orders refer to orders for non-perishable goods such as vehicles and electrical appliances, which reflect the production and investment expenditures of manufacturers in a short period of time. The ratio of equipment utilization rate in industrial production. Usually, 80% equipment utilization rate is considered as normal idleness of factories and equipment.
Current account refers to the inflow and outflow of funds between countries and foreign countries due to the import and export of goods and services and investment. Commercial inventory reflects the demand for short-term credit in the commercial sector.
The increase in commercial inventory may lead to an increase in short-term interest rates and a slowdown in economic development, indicating that the economy may enter a state of stagnation. Consumer price index, abbreviated as CPI in English, is an indicator reflecting the price changes of products and services related to residents' lives, and is usually used as an important indicator to observe the level of inflation.
If the consumer price index rises too much, it shows that inflation has become an unstable factor in the economy, and the central bank will risk tightening monetary and fiscal policies, leading to uncertain economic prospects. Therefore, the excessive rise of the index is often unpopular with the market.
For example, in the past 12 months, the consumer price index rose by 2. 3%, which means that the cost of living is 2% higher than that of 12 months ago.
3%。 When the cost of living goes up, the value of your money will go down.
In other words, a 100 yuan note received a year ago can only buy 97 yuan today. Goods and services are in 70 yuan.
Generally speaking, when the increase of CPI & gt3% is called inflation, it means inflation; When CPI & gt5% increases, we call it serious inflation, which means serious inflation. There are three main price indexes: consumer price index CPI (consumer price index), producer price index PPI (producer price index) and GNP deflator.
The calculation methods of the three price indexes are basically the same, that is, the weighted average of the price changes of various commodities. However, the commodity basket selected in each price index calculation is different.
When calculating the consumer price index, it includes the consumption basket of typical citizens in the commodity basket. Therefore, the consumer price index is also called the cost of living index.
When calculating the producer price index, the selected commodity basket contains production resources. GNP deflator is a more comprehensive index, and the commodity basket selected in its calculation includes both consumer goods and production resources.
It can be said that CPI is a synchronous economic indicator and PPI is a leading economic indicator. Generally speaking, the producer price index is three to six months ahead of the economy, and consumers are three to six months behind the economy.
CPI can show the current economic situation, while PPI can show the future economic situation. PPI calculates the price sold by the manufacturer, while CPI calculates the price purchased by the consumer.
1857, after studying the relationship between the income and food consumption expenditure of some families in western Europe at that time, German statistician Engel put forward the view that the less a family's income, the greater the proportion of total expenditure on food. This view.
2. Interpretation of economic terms
The CEO and CFO explained it upstairs, so I won't explain it much.
However, as far as I know, COF is a British black metal band. Cradle of filth, COF for short. There is a single < < from cradle to slavery > >; It is very famous.
If you study computer, VC is a development environment. However, if you are in business, VC is the abbreviation of venture capital.
PC, generally refers to the computer, that is, PC (personal computer). However, I remember seeing the names of PC, PVC and other materials when I read the customs declaration form before. I asked at that time, probably referring to materials such as plastic. As for the economy, I have been in economics for some years and have never heard anything similar.
It's best to find out where you saw these abbreviations at that time, so as to give the most accurate answer. Of course, the best way is to teach yourself. Finally, good luck.
3. Relevant terms and explanations in economics
The following are some aspects of personal collection: individual capital explains 1, what are CPI, inflation, PPI and GNP deflator? Consumer price index, abbreviated as CPI in English, is an indicator reflecting the price changes of products and services related to residents' lives, and is usually used as an important indicator to observe the level of inflation.
If the consumer price index rises too much, it shows that inflation has become an unstable factor in the economy, and the central bank will risk tightening monetary and fiscal policies, leading to uncertain economic prospects. Therefore, the excessive rise of the index is often unpopular with the market.
For example, in the past 12 months, the consumer price index rose by 2. 3%, which means that the cost of living is 2% higher than that of 12 months ago.
3%。 When the cost of living goes up, the value of your money will go down.
In other words, a 100 yuan note received a year ago can only buy 97 yuan today. Goods and services are in 70 yuan.
Generally speaking, when the increase of CPI & gt3% is called inflation, it means inflation; When CPI & gt5% increases, we call it serious inflation, which means serious inflation. There are three main price indexes: consumer price index CPI (consumer price index), producer price index PPI (producer price index) and GNP deflator.
The calculation methods of the three price indexes are basically the same, that is, the weighted average of the price changes of various commodities. However, the commodity basket selected in each price index calculation is different.
When calculating the consumer price index, it includes the consumption basket of typical citizens in the commodity basket. Therefore, the consumer price index is also called the cost of living index.
When calculating the producer price index, the selected commodity basket contains production resources. GNP deflator is a more comprehensive index, and the commodity basket selected in its calculation includes both consumer goods and production resources.
It can be said that CPI is a synchronous economic indicator and PPI is a leading economic indicator. Generally speaking, the producer price index is three to six months ahead of the economy, and consumers are three to six months behind the economy.
CPI can show the current economic situation, while PPI can show the future economic situation. PPI calculates the price sold by the manufacturer, while CPI calculates the price purchased by the consumer.
2. What is Engel's coefficient? A brief understanding of 1857, German statistician Engel, after studying the relationship between the income and food consumption expenditure of some families in Western Europe at that time, put forward the view that the less a family's income, the greater the proportion of total expenditure on food. This view is called "Engel's law", that is, Engel's coefficient.
Expressed by the formula: Engel coefficient (%) = (food expenditure ÷ total consumption expenditure) * 100%. Engel's law mainly expresses a certain trend of food expenditure in total consumption expenditure, which changes with income. The quantitative relationship and correlation between residents' income and food expenditure are revealed, and the influence of production development and income increase on living consumption is illustrated by the proportion of food expenditure to total consumption expenditure.
As we all know, eating is the first need for human survival. When the income level is low, it will inevitably occupy an important position in consumption expenditure. With the increase of income, when the food demand is basically met, the focus of consumption will begin to shift to clothing and use.
Therefore, the poorer a country or family life, the greater the Engel coefficient; On the contrary, the richer the life, the smaller the Engel coefficient. Once Engel's law and Engel's coefficient were put forward, they were widely accepted and confirmed by western economists and considered to be universally applicable.
Engel's law and Engel's coefficient are western economic and statistical concepts introduced to China earlier. Engel's coefficient is often used to measure the living standards of people in a country or region.
According to the standards put forward by FAO, the Engel coefficient is above 59% for poverty, 50-59% for food and clothing, 40-50% for well-off, below 40% for wealth, and below 30% for the richest. In the west, personal consumption includes all expenses such as housing, medical care, sanitation and transportation.
However, in China, especially in cities, free medical care, low rent and various subsidies such as food, fuel and water have had a certain impact on the consumption structure. Therefore, in comparative analysis, especially in international comparison and urban-rural comparison, we should eliminate incomparable factors.
When using this standard to compare international and Chinese urban and rural areas, we should take into account those incomparable factors, such as differences in consumer goods prices and residents' living habits, and pay attention to the calculation and analysis of policy effects and special factors produced by different social and economic systems. For these incomparable problems, we should eliminate them when analyzing and comparing them.
In addition, when observing historical changes, it should be noted that Engel's coefficient reflects a long-term trend, not an absolute trend of decreasing year by year. It is to seek long-term trends by ironing out short-term fluctuations.
3. What is GDP? What is GNP? What's the difference between them? GDP is the English abbreviation of "gross domestic product", that is, gross domestic product. It is a measure of the total amount of final products produced by all permanent units in a country (region) economy during the accounting period, and is often regarded as an important indicator to show the economic situation of a country (region).
The newly added value in the production process includes the newly created value of workers and the wear value of fixed assets, but does not include the value as an intermediate input in the production process; From the perspective of material composition, it is the final product produced in the current period, including products for consumption, accumulation and net export, but excluding various intermediate products consumed by other departments. There are three methods to calculate GDP: production method: GDP=∑ total output of each industrial sector-∑ intermediate consumption of each industrial sector: income method: GDP=∑ remuneration of workers in each industrial sector+∑ depreciation of fixed assets in each industrial sector+∑ net product tax of each industrial sector+∑ operating profit of each industrial sector; Expenditure method: GDP= total consumption+total investment+net export.
GNP is the market value of all final products and services produced by domestic production factors in a certain period of time. Gross domestic product and gross national product are both related and different.
4. The noun meaning of knowledge economy
What is knowledge economy? Knowledge economy, also known as "knowledge economy", is a brand-new economic form in the process of forming, which will have a great impact on the economy, science and technology, education and culture of China and even the world.
Nowadays, knowledge economy is beginning to replace industrial economy. The prosperity of software knowledge industry is the symbol of the preliminary framework of knowledge economy in the world today; Taking knowledge as capital to develop economy, knowledge will be the most important part of production factors; The proportion of software (components) in the whole economy has greatly increased, and the proportion of intangible assets including patents and trademarks in the whole economic assets has greatly increased. The consulting industry is booming day by day. As the pillar of industrial economy, manufacturing industry has injected more and more new scientific and technological knowledge.
Information is the fuel of the engine of knowledge economy. In the knowledge-based economy society, we must be familiar with the development of semiconductors, chips, optical disks, computer software, the emergence of networks, and the wide application of virtual technology.
The quiet rise of knowledge economy can be said to be a silent revolution, which will have a great impact on our existing mode of production, lifestyle and way of thinking, including education, management and even leadership decision-making activities.
In the era of industrial economy, various barriers can be set up to keep the competitive side. In the era of knowledge economy, there are no more barriers to protect backwardness. Source.
5. About economic terms
The People's Bank of China divides China's money supply index into four levels: M0, which refers to cash or currency in circulation. That is, the total amount of money issued by the People's Bank of China over the years.
M 1 refers to M0+ corporate demand deposits+institutional group deposits+rural collective deposits. Also known as "narrow money supply".
M2 refers to M 1+ unit time deposit+self-raised infrastructure deposit+resident savings deposit+other deposits (except financial deposits). Also known as "broad money supply".
M3 refers to M2+ bonds, financial deposits+deposits from other financial institutions+interbank deposits. M3 was established in consideration of the current situation of financial innovation, and it has not been calculated in China at present.
M4, namely M4=M3+ other short-term current assets.
Central bank bills, that is, central bank bills, are short-term debt certificates issued by the central bank to commercial banks to regulate their excess reserves, and their essence is central bank bonds. The reason why it is called "central bank bill" is to highlight its short-term characteristics (from the perspective of issued central bank bills, the shortest term is 3 months, and the longest is only 1 year).
However, there are essential differences between central bank bills and bonds issued by various issuers in the financial market: bonds issued by various issuers are a means of raising funds, with the purpose of raising funds, that is, increasing available funds; The central bank bill issued by the central bank is a monetary policy tool for the central bank to adjust the base currency, aiming at reducing the loanable funds of commercial banks. After commercial banks pay for central bank bills, the direct result is the decrease of loanable funds.
Increasing employment means expanding production.
For example, increase support for agricultural development, improve the potential of rural economy and guide the increase of rural employment.
We can also encourage the development of private economy and private enterprises, especially accelerate the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, which will increase many employment opportunities. About 70% of the opportunities in China are provided by SMEs.
Correct your understanding that China's economy is not on the verge of stagflation. 1 quarter, China's GDP growth is still high. In March, the CPI dropped slightly compared with that in February, and the inflation situation did not increase.
6. Senior high school political economics, philosophy, and political common sense answer terms in detail.
Dialectics: 1 The relationship between things is universal and objective; 2. Grasp the importance of causality; 3 dialectical relationship between the whole and the part; 4 look at problem 5 from the perspective of development; Understand and apply the law; Act according to objective laws; 6. Adhere to the contradiction analysis method; 7 concrete analysis of specific problems; 8. Make internal and external factors change quantitatively and qualitatively; 1 1 The opposition between dialectics and metaphysics.
Dialectical materialism: 1 The exertion of subjective initiative is restricted by subjective and objective factors; The dialectical relationship between objective laws and subjective initiative; 3. The relationship between phenomenon and essence; 4 perceptual knowledge rises to rational knowledge; 5 knowledge is constantly deepening and expanding; 6. Creative thinking and rational imagination are dialectical relations between practice and cognition; The guiding role of scientific theory in practice is to deepen and develop knowledge.
Historical materialism: 1 Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness is counterproductive to social existence. Social existence determines values, and values play a guiding role in social existence. 3. Adhere to the values of collectivism and correctly solve the relationship between individual interests and collective interests. 6 life values and the relationship between seven people and society.
Materialism: 1 Marxist philosophy is the unity of scientific world outlook and methodology. 2 Matter determines that consciousness has a dynamic effect on matter. 3. The dialectical relationship between respecting general laws and giving full play to people's subjective initiative and acting according to objective laws. Proceed from reality, seek truth from facts and analyze specific problems. The existence and development of natural society is objective (summarized by oneself, hope to adopt).