1, what is the international trade ccccccc?
International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between different countries (and/or regions). International trade is the international transfer of goods and services. International trade is also called world trade.
International trade consists of import trade and export trade, so it is sometimes called import and export trade.
From a country's perspective, international trade is foreign trade.
2. How did international trade come into being?
International trade is produced and developed under specific historical conditions. The two basic conditions for the formation of international trade are:
(1) the development of social productive forces;
(2) the formation of the country.
The development of social productive forces produces surplus commodities for exchange, which are exchanged between countries and produce international trade.
3, the difference between international trade and foreign trade
Foreign trade refers to the exchange of goods, technologies and services between a country (or region) and other countries (or regions). Therefore, when referring to foreign trade, we should point out specific countries. For example, the foreign trade of China; Some island countries, such as Britain and Japan, also call foreign trade overseas.
International trade classification
First of all, according to the direction of commodity movement, international trade can be divided into
1. Import trade: importing foreign goods or services to the domestic market for sale.
2. Export trade: exporting domestic goods or services to foreign markets for sale.
3. Transit Trade):A The goods of country A are transported to the market of country B through the territory of country C for sale.
As far as transit trade is concerned. At present, WTO members do not engage in transit trade, because transit trade hinders international trade.
Second, according to the form of goods, international trade can be divided into
1. Tangible trade: the import and export of goods in kind.
2. Invisible trade: the import and export of technologies and services without physical form. Such as machines, equipment, furniture, etc. They are all goods in physical form, and the import and export of these goods is called visible trade. Transfer of patent use rights, transnational services provided by tourism, financial and insurance enterprises, etc. They are all goods without physical form, and their import and export are called invisible trade.
Three, according to the relationship between producing countries and consuming countries in trade, international trade can be divided into
1. Direct trade: refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries buying and selling commodities without going through a third country. The exporting country of trade is called direct export, and the importing country is called direct import.
2. Indirect trade and entrepot trade: refers to the behavior of commodity producers and consumers buying and selling commodities through third countries. In indirect trade, producers are called indirect exporters, consumers are called indirect importers, and third countries are entrepot traders, and third countries are engaged in entrepot trade.
For example, there are some business opportunities in post-war Iraq, but the risks are also great. When some Chinese enterprises export goods to Iraq, most of them first sell the goods to neighboring countries of Iraq, and then re-export them to Iraq from neighboring countries of Iraq.
The main characteristics of international trade
International trade in goods belongs to the category of commodity exchange, which is not different from domestic trade in nature, but because it is carried out between different countries or regions, it has the following characteristics compared with domestic trade:
1. International trade in goods involves possible differences and conflicts in policies, measures and legal systems of different countries or regions, as well as differences brought about by language, culture and social customs, and the issues involved are far more complicated than domestic trade. (www.2 1lawyer.cn)
2. International trade in goods is generally large in quantity, large in amount, long in transportation distance and long in performance time, and the risks borne by both parties to the transaction are far greater than those of domestic trade. (www.2 1lawyer.cn)
3. International trade in goods is easily influenced by the political and economic changes, bilateral relations and changes in the international situation in the countries where both parties to the transaction are located. (www.2 1lawyer.cn)
In addition to the two sides, international trade in goods also involves the cooperation and cooperation of transportation, insurance, banking, commodity inspection, customs and other departments, and the process is much more complicated than domestic trade. (www.2 1lawyer.cn)
Here is mainly to compare international trade and domestic trade. There are similarities and differences between international trade and domestic trade, and international trade is more complicated than domestic trade.
A, international trade and domestic trade * * * same sex
1, which has the same status in social reproduction;
2, there are * * * the same way of commodity movement;
3. The basic functions are the same, and they are all influenced and restricted by the laws of commodity economy.
Second, the difference between international trade and domestic trade.
1, different countries have different economic policies;
2. Different languages, laws and customs;
3. There are differences in currencies, weights and measures and customs systems among countries;
4. The commercial risk of international trade is greater than that of domestic trade.
To sum up, international trade is more complicated than domestic trade.
Statistical analysis indicators of international trade and foreign trade
1, transaction volume and transaction volume
The trade volume is the trade volume expressed in currency, and the trade volume is the trade volume after excluding the influence of price changes. Through the trade volume, we can compare the trade scale in different periods. There are three concepts to master here.
(1) The value of foreign trade is the sum of a country's total import and export in a certain period.
Generally speaking, it can be expressed in the national currency or in the internationally accepted currency; The foreign trade volume of countries in the world announced by the United Nations is expressed in US dollars; When countries count tangible goods, exports are calculated on FOB basis and imports are calculated on CIF basis; Intangible goods are not declared, and the customs has no statistics.
(2) International trade volume: (International trade value) is the synthesis of foreign trade value expressed in currency by countries all over the world, also known as international trade value. It is equal to the sum of export trade calculated on FOB price in a certain period.
(3) Trade volume: Trade volume is an index established to eliminate the influence of price changes and accurately reflect the actual quantity of international trade or a country's foreign trade. When calculating, dividing the trade volume in the reporting period by the price index determined based on a fixed year is equivalent to the trade volume calculated at constant prices (excluding the influence of price changes), which is called the trade volume in the reporting period.
Trade volume can be divided into international trade volume and foreign trade volume as well as export trade volume and import trade volume.
2. Trade balance
The trade balance refers to the difference between a country's total export and total import in a certain period (usually one year).
(1) trade surplus (trade surplus), also called "export exceeds import" in China: it means that the export volume exceeds the import volume in a certain period of time.
(2) The trade deficit, also called import is greater than export and deficit in China, means that export volume is less than import volume in a certain period of time.
(3) Trade balance: that is, the export value is equal to the import value in a certain period of time.
It is generally believed that trade surplus can promote economic growth and increase employment, so all countries pursue trade surplus. However, a large surplus often leads to trade disputes. For example, the Japanese-American automobile trade war.
3. International trade terms
International trade terms: refers to the comparative relationship between export commodity prices and import commodity prices, also known as import parity or exchange rate parity. Indicates how many units of imported goods can be exchanged for one unit of exported goods. Obviously, the more imported goods you bring back, the better. The change of terms of trade in different periods is usually expressed by terms of trade index, which is the ratio of export price index to import price index. The calculation formula is: the export price index is divided by the import price index and then multiplied by 100 (assuming the base term of trade index is 100).
During the reporting period, the terms of trade index was greater than 100, indicating that the terms of trade were improved compared with the base period.
The terms of trade index in the reporting period is less than 100, indicating that the terms of trade are worse than the base period.
4. Commodity structure of trade
The composition of trade is the proportion of various commodities in the total trade value. This involves a commodity classification problem, and there are generally two classification methods.
(1) Standard International Trade Classification of the United Nations Secretariat: Tangible goods are divided into 10 categories in turn, of which 0- 14 category is called primary goods, 5- 18 category is called finished goods, and the ninth category is unclassified other goods. The proportion of primary products and finished products in import and export commodities indicates the commodity structure of trade.
(2) According to the classification of production factors invested in the production of a commodity, it can be divided into labor-intensive commodities, capital-intensive commodities and other factor-intensive commodities.
5. Geographical direction of trade
(1) foreign trade direction
The geographical direction of foreign trade refers to the distribution of the countries of origin of imported goods and the countries of consumption of exported goods, indicating the degree of economic and trade ties between the country and various regions and countries in the world.
For example, in 2003, China's top ten import sources were Japan, the European Union, Taiwan Province Province, ASEAN, South Korea, the United States, Hong Kong, Russia, Australia and Brazil. In 2003, China's top ten export markets were the United States, Hongkong, European Union, Japan, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Australia, Russia and Canada. Based on this, in 2003, China's top ten trading partners (in terms of total import and export volume) were Japan, the United States, the European Union, Hong Kong, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Russia, Australia and Canada.
(2) the geographical direction of international trade.
It refers to the regional distribution of international trade and the flow of goods, that is, the status of various regions and countries in international trade. It is usually expressed by the proportion of their exports (or imports) to the total export trade (or total import trade) in the world.
For example, in 2003, the top eight countries or regions in world commodity exports were the United States, Germany, Japan, France, China, Britain, Canada and Italy. In 2003, the top eight countries or regions in the world were the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, France, China, Italy and Canada.
6. Trade dependence
Dependence on foreign countries is a basic index to measure the degree of extroversion of a country's national economy. Refers to the proportion of foreign trade in the country's national income or gross national product.