1. Intelligent greenhouse
Because tomato tree cultivation is a comprehensive technology with highly intelligent facility environment and high level of soilless cultivation technology, it requires higher greenhouse facilities. The annual temperature is controlled within the range of 15-30℃, and the sunshine is sufficient. There are wet curtain cooling facilities in the greenhouse and sunshade nets outside, so that tomato trees always grow in the most suitable environment.
2. Nutrient solution box
Used to prepare storage nutrient solution. Generally placed underground, it is made of brick and cement, which requires no water leakage. The volume depends on the number of tomato trees planted.
3. Cultivation bed (tank)
Facilities for planting tomato trees can be placed underground or on the ground. In order to make the temperature of nutrient solution in the cultivation bed (tank) less affected by air temperature and reduce the cost of tomato tree facilities, it is more beneficial to put it underground. The cultivation bed (trough) placed underground is also made of brick and cement, which is required to be watertight. Conditional can also use PE board, PVC board to make cultivation bed. The volume of the cultivation bed is about 1 m3, and there is an overflow at the bottom. The cultivation bed is separated from the external environment with a 5cm thick polystyrene board. Open a hole of 5- 10 cm on the polystyrene board for planting tomato trees.
4. Filling equipment
The nutrient solution for tomato trees can be supplied with iron pipes or PVC pipes. A water pump is installed in the nutrient solution tank, and the water pump can be a submersible pump or a centrifugal pump. Install a timer at the power supply, which can automatically control the switching time of the water pump.
5. Liquid reflux equipment
The liquid return pipe is placed underground and made of PVC pipe. Liquid return pipe-one end is connected with the overflow port in the cultivation bed, and the other end flows back to the nutrient solution tank, so that the nutrient solution can be recycled.
6. Oxygenating pump
In order to increase the dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution, an oxygenation pump is used for oxygenation.
7. Culture rack
Tomato trees will eventually grow into grape racks, so they need to be supported by cultivation racks. The cultivation frame is about 2m high and covers an area of 30-50m 2. The main frame is welded with iron pipes, and the main pipe is connected into a net with lead wires for fixing tomato branches.
Second, the cultivation techniques
1. Seeding and seedling raising
According to the author's practice and research, tomato trees should adopt medium-sized red fruit varieties. This tomato fruit is medium in size, with a single fruit weight of about 100g, red color, hard pulp, less pulp, thick peel, storage resistance, no picking and no cracking after ripening on tomato trees, and a long stay time on the trees, which is convenient for viewing. At present, the common tomato trees in China are Israeli "R 144", Dutch "Bailey" and "Jiahong No.4" cultivated by Beijing Vegetable Research Center. The suitable sowing date is from late July to early August. It is best to raise seedlings by hydroponics, and if there is no hydroponics facility, it can also be cultivated by substrates.
2. Preparation before planting
(1) Prepare nutrient solution
① Nutrient solution formula: tomato formula of Beijing Vegetable Research Center was adopted. This formula is suitable for the quality of hard water in the north. The fertilizer dosage is 707g/ton of calcium nitrate, 404.2g/ton of potassium nitrate, 260.7g/ton of potassium sulfate, 40.0g/ton of ammonium nitrate, 0/52./kloc-0 of magnesium sulfate and 200-250ml/ton of phosphoric acid. The formula of micro-fertilizer is ed tafe 16g/t, boric acid 3g/t, manganese sulfate 2g/t, zinc sulfate 0.22g/t, copper sulfate 0.08g/t and ammonium molybdate 0.02g/t. ..
② Preparation method of nutrient solution: First, prepare the stock solution. For example, prepare 1t nutrient solution, weigh 707g calcium nitrate, put it into 1 barrel, add 10L water, and fully stir and dissolve it to make 10L 1 stock solution. Then, 404.2g of potassium nitrate, 260.7g of potassium sulfate, 40.0g of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate 152. 1g are weighed, poured into No.2 barrel, added with 10L water, and fully stirred and dissolved to prepare 10L22 stock solution. Add 0.2t of clean water into the nutrient solution tank, add 1 dissolved stock solution, and continue to add water and stir. When the water volume of the nutrient solution tank reaches 0.8t, add No.2 stock solution, continue to add water and stir, and stop adding water when the water volume reaches1t.. Add dissolved 22g mixed micro-fertilizer and 200-250mL phosphoric acid, and stir evenly. At this point, the liquid preparation is completed. When preparing liquid, the operation should be carried out according to the above-mentioned operation flow, and the time interval between adding 1 stock solution and No.2 stock solution should not be too short to prevent precipitation.
(2) Add the prepared nutrient solution from the nutrient solution tank to the tomato tree cultivation bed with a water pump to form circulation. Test whether the EC value and pH value of the nutrient solution reach the target value.
(3) Adjust the timer. In order to realize the automation of liquid filling, a timer can be installed at the power supply, which is connected with the water pump to control the on-off time of the pump. According to the growth and season of seedlings, the switching time is determined and liquid is added intermittently. The purpose of circulation is to increase the dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution through circulation and balance the nutrients in the nutrient solution.
Step 3: Planting
Tomato seedlings can be planted when they reach 5-6 leaves. Take the tomato seedlings out of the tray (bowl) and wash the roots with clear water, taking care not to hurt the roots. Then, in the planting hole of the planting tray, hang the base of the tomato stem on the cultivation frame with thick rope. If it is a hydroponic tomato seedling, it can be planted directly.
4. Nutrient solution management after colonization
(1) The pH value of the nutrient solution should be controlled at about 6.5.
(2) The EC value of the nutrient solution is controlled at 2.5-3.0 mg/cm.
(3) The temperature of the nutrient solution is controlled between 65438 08-20℃.
(4) The circulation time of nutrient solution is 10-20 hours per day.
(5) Add 50- 100 g potassium sulfate to each ton of nutrient solution every week when the plants enter the flower and fruit period.
prune
The pruning of tomato trees is different from that of ordinary tomatoes. The pruning of common tomatoes is a single stem pruning, and all the side branches should be removed. However, tomato trees are pruned by continuous double-stem pruning method, and each branch retains two growth points, almost all the strong side branches are retained, and only a few weak side branches are removed. A tomato tree will have hundreds of growing points. Pull the upper cultivation frame with a rope at the base of the side branch. The branches on the cultivation frame should also be evenly distributed and should not cover each other.
spend time
If tomato trees are planted for sightseeing, you can use the one-time flower-leaving method, that is, pick all the blooming flowers in front of the cultivation rack on the plant. After the plant species are planted on the cultivation frame (after sowing 100- 120 days), all the flowers are left. In order to ensure fruit setting, 20-40 mg/kg baoguoning can be used to spray flowers. Keep 4-5 fruits per ear.
7. Spraying fertilizer on leaves
In order to increase the nutrient supply of plants, fertilizer was sprayed on the leaves every 7- 10 days. Additional carbon dioxide can be used if conditions permit.
8. Pest control
Because tomato trees have a good growing environment and few pests and diseases, pesticides are generally not needed. In order to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases, chlorothalonil aerosol and aphid lousjing aerosol can be used regularly to fumigate the shed. In order to prevent pests from entering the greenhouse, insect-proof nets with aperture of 1mm were installed at the vents and entrances of the greenhouse. It is a good problem to hang yellow boards to trap and kill pests in the greenhouse. Mosquitoes do have a physiological process of "urination", which should be called excretion, but the excrement in this process is solid (uric acid) and it is carried out together with defecation, so it is generally not noticed and not easy to observe.
Let's explain in detail: the excretory organs of insects are martensite tube (equivalent to human kidney) and rectum (equivalent to human large intestine, not to mention). The focus is on the martensitic catheter: the martensitic catheter is formed at the junction of the midgut and the hindgut, composed of monolayer cells, with a blind end at the distal end, which is free in the blood cavity. The structure of martensitic vessel element is similar to that of columnar epithelial cells in midgut, and a large number of microvilli are formed at the top of the cells. This structure at the inner and outer edges of cells enlarges the surface area of cells, which is beneficial to the transfer of substances. There are muscle fibers on the outer wall of the tube, which makes the tube crawl in hemolymph. There are a large number of mitochondria in cells, which can provide energy for ions to pass through the tube wall.
Functionally, the martensite catheter can be regarded as a catheter that can actively secrete. Infiltrate into isotonic lymph, but can secrete potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium plasma and small molecular weight organic matter into the catheter. From the analysis, it is found that the concentration of potassium ion in urine is several times or dozens of times higher than that in hemolymph, but the contents of sodium, calcium and magnesium are lower than that in hemolymph. The concentration difference of different ions shows that Markov tube has the function of active absorption and becomes the driving force of urine flow in the tube. Due to osmosis, water also enters the tube to form isotonic urine. Subsequently, urine flows into the rectum. The rectum has selective absorption characteristics. Water, useful sodium ions and potassium ions are reabsorbed by rectum and enter hemolymph. Macromolecules that cannot be reabsorbed form uric acid precipitation, and the pH value of urine drops from 6.8-7.5 to 3.5-4.5, and finally it is excreted as nitrogen-containing waste.
The excreta of insects is mainly uric acid. For terrestrial insects, it is of great significance, because uric acid has low toxicity and does not need to be accompanied by more water when it is eliminated. Terrestrial insects can well reduce the loss of water. The fat body of some insects can be used as a storage place for uric acid, which is never ruled out. This kind of excretion is also called storage excretion. Uric acid salts or calcium salts of some insects can accumulate in the body wall and be excreted with molting or through digestive tract.