The Economy of Qinlong Area in Northern Song Dynasty: Reclaiming Land in Qinlong

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the economy in the west of Longshan was restored and developed. From the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China to the end of independence, it became one of the important areas in the northwest of the Northern Song Dynasty. Agriculture, animal husbandry, commerce, handicrafts, etc. Some progress has been made; Rich natural resources have been developed and utilized. The American economy in Gansu has distinct national and regional economic characteristics. Reclaiming land and guarding the border is one of the main measures taken by the feudal rulers of China to govern and develop the northwest. From the beginning to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers established their own country in the northwest, settled and cultivated fields. The east and west of Longshan became one of the important wasteland areas in the Northern Song Dynasty. First, the rise of the Northern Song Dynasty, that is, confrontation with Liao and Dingzu. In order to strengthen the military deployment of border defense and prevent the continuous invasion of Liao and Xia dynasties, since the Song Dynasty, the river city soil has been used to deal with the wasteland in the north, and the exploitation advantage has been used to limit the invasion in the north. Later, wasteland was built on both sides of the northwest. When the north side refers to Hebei Road, the main purpose of farming in this area is to prevent the harassment of Liao soldiers going south. The northwest side refers to the area adjacent to Xixia on Hedong and Shaanxi Second Road. In order to prevent Xixia from attacking, wasteland was naturally built here. With the development and evolution of the contradiction between Song and Xixia, the military struggle between the two sides became increasingly fierce. The military position of Shaanxi West Road adjacent to Xixia is becoming more and more important, and its troops are increasing day by day. On the Shaanxi border around Qin Feng, Jingyuan, Huanqing and Yansi Road, there are more than 200,000 central imperial troops stationed, in addition to a large number of volunteers, archers and Fan Bing. Yan, Wei, Qingzhou and Cao Jun are all at the forefront, and there is a long-term shortage of grain and grass. A large number of military horses are parked there, and the expenditure on food and grass is huge. Many troops need huge military expenditure. As Zhang said in his yearbook, when you see something from the west coming, you should be prepared. The whole world will be labored by them, and the tax rate for every hundred taxes will be raised several times. Heavy military expenditure has become a heavy burden on the Shaanxi border and even the people of the whole country. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the border areas were mainly supplied by the mainland. Since the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the mainland has been unable to supply all the military supplies needed for border defense. There are two reasons for this difficulty: first, Central America's grain output is limited, the demand for military grain is excessive, and its land productivity is unbearable; Second, transportation is difficult. Every state on the Shaanxi-US border has mountain hazards and blocked roads. Inland grain is transported to the frontier, and the people are suffering from transportation. Facing the huge military expenditure, the Song government did everything possible to take a series of effective countermeasures and measures, such as transporting grain from the south, using the money from the state treasury, allowing businessmen to transport corn to the border, keeping taxes, gold and silk in Shaanxi and Sichuan, increasing Shaanxi wine to help the border, and casting a lot of money to help military expenditure solve this problem. Although the rulers of the Song Dynasty tried their best to take various measures and solved the problems of soldiers' salary and grain transportation, they could not be fundamentally solved. Obviously, the fundamental way to solve the border military expenditure in Shaanxi Province is to adopt the traditional methods of rulers in previous dynasties and order the army to open up fields, or raise people to open fields and cultivate farmland. Therefore, the rulers of Song Dynasty attached great importance to land reclamation in northwest China, because land reclamation could not only consolidate frontier defense and reduce redundant expenses, but also partially solve the difficulties of soldiers, military salaries and grain transportation. Under the circumstance that the military affairs have not been completed and the number of troops cannot be completely reduced,

Longchuan, the wasteland of Ganchuan, also known as Longchuan, is located outside Liupan Mountain. According to the previous collection of martial arts classics, including 18: 40 miles from Liupanshan Village to Wating North and 70 miles from Weizhou; Forty miles west of Linshen Village, and seventy miles of Shimen Fan Jie; Southeast 120 Li to Yizhou; The northeast is one hundred miles away from the town, and the south is a good place. Because it is located in Yaochong, surrounded by Weizhou and Qin, the land is fertile and the population is prosperous. Most mature local households take idle fields as their business. Reclaim farmland in Weizhou. During the Northern Song Dynasty, yu zhou was under the jurisdiction of Qingfeng Road. At the beginning of Pingping, Song Yingzong, Wang Sugeng of Zhi Zhi cultivated land in the southwest of Weifang and accumulated millet for ten years. He also used the land donated by the local Ministry to recruit archers and built eight castles to live in. Usually he plows the land and the police gather. Because Wang Su runs the army well and has high morale, I can't help it. Jing, the original five states wasteland. In October of the second year of Qing dynasty, please appease the king and set up archers in the forbidden and field. Song Renzong agreed to carry out the plan. Qin Zhou wasteland. In the early years of Yingzong Zhiping, after learning that Li Shenping of Qin Zhou had put down the unrest of Tibetan medical families, he got 500 hectares of fertile land and recruited archers to open up wasteland. Kuroda wasteland Kuroda was in Qin Zhou, in December of the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu. Tommy Naoki knew that there were many idle fields in the Black Valley of Li Yuan in Qin Zhou, so the Song government recruited more than 300 village households, including three households, accounting for more than 900 people, and settled the fields to guard the border. In the fourth year of Emperor Yingzong's reclamation in Moukou, Qin Zhou and Fan Chuan offered land to the Qing Dynasty, and Fu Xuan of Shaanxi made Guo Kui build a fort in Moukou, southern Sichuan of the Qing Dynasty, recruiting archers to settle the field, so as to help Qin Zhou and Deshun break the thief's road. During the 59 years from the first year of Xining in Zongshen to the first year of Jingkang in Qinzong, the reclamation flourished in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. The early stage of this stage is the political reform and innovation period of Song Shenzong and Zhezong Dynasty. The later period of this period is the period of Zhezong and Hui Zong. From Shaosheng to Daguan, the Song government continued to fight Tubo and Xixia, constantly expanding its territory, and the newly opened territory was further expanded from Xihe, Taohe and Min areas in southern Gansu to eastern Qinghai, which is now the capital. Zhao Xu's main reclamation network in Gansu was formed during Zongshen and Zhezong periods. During the Hui Zong period, the scale of reclamation in Gansu was not as large as that in the middle period. Gansu wasteland is mainly distributed in Longyou and Longdong areas, which constitutes the border defense system of the Northern Song Dynasty. 1. Reclamation in the upper reaches of the Weihe River in Longyou. From Weicheng to Qin Zhou, it is located in the upper reaches of Weihe River, five or six hundred miles along the river, and there are thousands of acres of uncultivated fertile land. I can't make money because I have no money to buy this. In the third year of the western region, February Ning played the best role in field selection. It costs about 3000 yuan to build a hectare, and the income is not less than 300 stones. 30,000 hectares of land and 300,000 stones. Ask the government to allocate funds to promote governance, plant seeds here, set up market exchange companies to benefit businessmen, and use the money they won to manage fields and save land. The Song government sent a letter to Qingfeng Road Management Office, and entrusted Wang Shao with 30,000 yuan to raise people to farm. After investigation, more than 4000 hectares of cultivated land have been reclaimed here. In Bilichuan, Qin Zhou, there is a lot of idle land. In July of the first year of Xining, the Song government of Shaanxi asked Han Qi to recruit archers here for land reclamation, and the Song government agreed. Fu Qiang is a wasteland in Fucheng.

Dingxi village is the western city, that is, the western city; Xiaosheng Village was built in four years in Yuanfeng, abandoned in seven years in Yuanfeng, and changed to a fortress in three years in Shaosheng, that is, Xiaosheng Gubao; The location of Yushu and Chabao is unknown, so it is inferred that these four villages are Xintianbao Village in Yuzhong County, Lanzhou today. River and Road Tuntian Xihe governs, congratulates, pottery, Fujian and the army. There are about 15000 hectares of land in this area, of which one tenth is regarded as public land. Middle-aged acres receive a stone and a commons of 150,000. One third of the water and fertilizer can get100000. Because of the advantages of land reclamation here, in the first month of the seventh year of Xining, Wang Zhongzheng recruited archers from the clay field to Xihe Road. In the first month of the ninth year of Xining, the Song government sent Taichang Wang to Xihe Road to discuss with Zheng Minxian the implementation of land reclamation. In October of the first year of Yuanfeng, the Song government allocated official land with the military standards of the four States of Xihe, and selected 20 hectares of fertile land as a camp in nearby cities. National wasteland. The cultivated land in Hezhou is mainly three times. In March of the seventh year, Han archers were recruited to open up wasteland near Hezhou City, and Fan archers opened up wasteland on the hillside. The people donated one hectare of land, two hectares of land and three hectares of land. Han archers are still the first, and they are responsible for hooking up with Fan Guan. In the ninth year of Xining, Hezhou Xiang 'an Company requested that the unregistered archer 100 hectare in Hezhou be used as wasteland, and the Song government agreed to its proposal. In September of the first year of Yuanfeng, the Tubo Langjia and Ghost Donkey requested that 20 hectares of land be allocated to the Song government free of charge near Hezhou or Nanchuan Village for archers to cultivate seeds. As a result, more than 600 people from these two communities settled in this area. In the first month of the ninth year of Taoxi Tuntian Xining, the Song government sent archers west of Taoshui to farm in Kuji, so that the troops of various States sent troops to farm, and the officials set up cattle and farm tools for a while. Let the envoys of Baozhai and the road patrol supervisor train them into tax collectors. National wasteland. In March of the second year of Yuan Dynasty, Hanfan households in Xiezhou donated 520 hectares of land, and the Song government recruited archers to sow, giving two hectares each. Zhou Minchuan, Lichuan, Lvchuan and Shuyangzhai wasteland. Sichuan, Lichuan and Lvchuan are all in Zhou Min, and Shuyang Village is in Tongyuan County. In February of the second year of Song Yuanfeng, in these four stockyards, 200 people from Yongji were recruited to plant in imitation of Guanzhuang. 2. Longdong Agricultural Reclamation and Longshan Agricultural Reclamation. Longshan in Gansu today is also one of the wasteland areas in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng, there were more than 4,000 hectares of sloping land in the Sichuan Plain around Longshan, Weizhou, and the Jingyuan Road Administration played music on it, which could recruit more than 2,000 archers, but still refused to ask for land to be an official. The Song government adopted its suggestion and allowed the archers of Jingyuan, Qingfeng, Huanqing and Xihe to change their clothes according to the old method of Xihe. They still cultivated their old fields for two years, and then recruited an archer. In the eighth year of Song Zhezong, when Liu Changzuo, the deputy governor in front of the temple, learned of Weizhou Prefecture, he occupied an area of 10990 hectares of Longshan, recruited 526 archers1person to reclaim land, and was awarded the imperial edict by Zhezong. Qingzhou wasteland Chongning years, money called Qingzhou. After he took office, he built Anbian City and Guide Fort, covering thousands of acres and intensive cultivation. 18 years old earned hundreds of thousands of millet. Reclaim farmland in Weizhou. At the end of Huizongzheng and Wang Enzhi learned about Weizhou, there were 23,000 hectares of hidden land. Archers divided them into 3 1 unit to save money. Three. Influence and function of a large amount of land on land reclamation

With the development of private ownership of land, tenancy relationship is becoming more and more common. In the middle ages, reclamation and land management, which were transferred to farmers and served as corvees, became vassals and supplements of the big land ownership at that time, and inevitably declined due to the influence of its management mode. Influenced by the change of production relations, the overall reclamation effect in Song Dynasty was not obvious, but it had certain influence and function in Gansu. The first is to reclaim wasteland, produce food and reduce the burden of military supplies. During the hundred years of confrontation between Song and Xia dynasties, border conflicts continued, the land was barren, people were unemployed and materials were scarce. However, the cultivation and farming in Gansu showed its superiority and achieved certain results. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty exploited and utilized a large number of wasteland through land reclamation. Liu Changzuo, the deputy governor in front of the temple, commanded Jingyuan Road Longshan to cover an area of 1.990 hectares, and Weiyuan City to Qin Zhou became a wasteland, with fertile land of 500-600 miles along the river. The cost of a soldier stationed in the camp can be paid to three soldiers stationed in the chariot. Reclamation and farming widely distributed in Gansu is the development and utilization of land, which saves a part of grain and reduces a part of national military expenditure, enlivens Gansu economy and develops social production to a certain extent. The second is to strengthen the northwest frontier defense in the Northern Song Dynasty. A large number of soldiers stationed in the field take the border village as their home, and often take their families and divide one or two hectares of land, which can also relieve them of all kinds of burdens such as corvee, employment, transfer and job change. Because they are given land, they can enjoy preferential policies, so they are attached to the land to protect the old and weak cattle and sheep and crack down on thieves. These soldiers moved home, paid attention to the land and land, and learned about the terrain. Their parents and wives insisted on doing so. Compared with those people in the east who don't like land and land, don't learn topography and have no homesickness, their achievements are far behind. They fight to the death, the world is the edge, far more effective than stationing troops in the eastward project. The existence of a large number of soldiers, civilians and archers in the wasteland strengthened Gansu as the northwest frontier defense barrier against Xixia in the Northern Song Dynasty. The third is to reduce the burden of rations transportation. The transportation of soldiers' salaries was a difficult problem in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the soldiers and civilians in the northwest border paid a heavy price for it. Volume 149 was filed in May of the fourth year of Qing Dynasty, and it was known that the conditions in the patent field were poor: Bian Xian was still lucky because of his involvement in the West. In order to achieve immediate results, he set up military vehicles to transport grain from the city and Zhou Fang to Yanzhou. Within two years, more than 900 soldiers died and fled. This road is called hell. There is more tea now, and the security force is far away. What can people do? Although Tian said that all the way was delayed, Jingyuan, Qingfeng and other roads were also wasted. Due to land reclamation and cultivation, this situation has improved. Words: I think today's American border villages can be guarded by archers and local soldiers. Because Mu Yi set up a camp to teach classes, the soldiers envied and longed for office. People are willing to work hard and the public can benefit from it, so they will lose their lives and they can rest for a long time. Jia Changchao also said that troops can be reduced and materials can be saved. This shows that the implementation of land reclamation in border areas has reduced the difficulty of military grain transportation. Due to the increase of land reclamation, the grain in the border area has played a certain role in preventing profiteers from hoarding and stabilizing food prices.