The installation sequence of distillation unit is: from bottom to top and from left to right. And ensure that the receiver in the distillation device is close to the water tank, that is, close to the water tank. The axis of the whole device should be on a plane, which should be parallel to the table edge of the experimental platform.
distil
Distillation is a thermodynamic separation process, which uses the different boiling points of components in mixed liquid or liquid-solid system to evaporate the low-boiling components and then condense them to separate all the components. It is a combination of evaporation and condensation. Compared with other separation methods, such as extraction, filtration and crystallization. Its advantage is that it does not use other solvents other than system components, thus ensuring that no new impurities will be introduced.
Chinese name
distil
Foreign name
distil
Belonging discipline
thermodynamics
way
physical method
purpose
Separated substance
classify
Simple distillation, equilibrium distillation
Main instruments
distillation flask
words explanation
1. [Distillation]: Vaporize the heated liquid, and then liquefy the steam to remove impurities.
2. [Distiller]: Made or extracted by distillation.
3. Distillation has two meanings: evaporation or volatilization, which is not obvious at room temperature, but can be obviously observed after heating to boiling point; Vapor becomes liquid after cooling, commonly known as distillate.
4. Describe transpiration.
Song Minglian wrote in his poem "To Ancestors": "This year, I spent a lot of time in Yuling, and it was very hot."
5. Heat the liquid to turn it into steam, and then let the steam cool and condense into liquid to remove the impurities contained in it.
Lu Xun's New Story: Water Control: (Drinks) They can drink as much as they want, and they can't finish it for ten thousand generations. Unfortunately, it contains a little loess, so it should be distilled before drinking. "
definition
It refers to the mass transfer process of separating components by using the volatility difference of each component in liquid mixture. A process of evaporation and condensation, in which the vapor produced by boiling liquid is introduced into a condenser tube to be cooled and condensed into liquid. Distillation is an important operation technology to separate high boiling point mixtures, especially liquid mixtures. That is, distillation conditions: 1. Liquid is a mixture. 2. These components have different boiling points.
trait
1. By distillation, the desired product can be obtained directly, and other components are needed for absorption and extraction.
2. Distillation separation is widely used and has a long history.
3. The energy consumption is high, and a large amount of gas phase or liquid phase is generated in the production process.
classify
1. can be divided into simple distillation, balanced distillation [1], distillation and special distillation.
2. According to the working pressure: normal pressure, pressurization and decompression.
3. According to the components in the mixture: two-component distillation and multi-component distillation.
4. According to the operation mode, it is divided into batch distillation and continuous distillation.
Main instruments
Distillation bottle (with branch pipe), thermometer, condensing pipe, trumpet, alcohol lamp, asbestos net, iron shelf, conical bottle, rubber plug.
Classification introduction
Distillation can be divided into distillation with column and distillation without column.
Judging from the history of world distillation development, there was a requirement for separation and purification in liquor production 3000-5000 years ago. [2]
However, the long-term alcohol content is around 15-20 degrees. After the research of countless inventors, the prototype of the separation device came out. The alcohol content of 42-56 degrees is a purification peak, which is the current content range of liquor.
More than 200 years ago, France invented a household distillation vertical tower to produce 95% ethanol, which was recognized by the distillation community. More than 30 years later, British inventors invented a rectifying tower for producing 99-99.9% ethanol on the basis of distillation vertical tower, and for the first time, the word "alcohol" was produced, which means the essence of wine. Distillation columns are arranged in methanol or ethanol production plants, with a height of 20-120m and a diameter of 0.3-13.5m, all of which originated from French and British inventors. The maximum annual output of distillation column can reach 500,000-300,000 tons, which is the main purification method of organic solvents.
Since 2005, Anyang Haichuan Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly the Institute of Contemporary Chemical Engineering in Anyang High-tech Zone) has started its unique purification research, which many domestic users call tower-free distillation (rectification) and tower-free refining. 20 10 12 tower-less refining equipment came out and obtained patent certificate; 2065438+0 1 March-August, no-tower distiller and no-tower distiller came out, and the patent was granted1,which passed the preliminary examination. A large pharmaceutical production company in Shangqiu City, Henan Province carried out an industrial purification test of 20% ultra-low content waste methanol, and the initial fraction content was 86%. From October to August, 2065438+0/KLOC-0, a large pharmaceutical company in Anyang City, Henan Province conducted an industrial purification test on 82% of waste ethanol. The ethanol was purified to 98% by distillation without tower [extended range machine], and the content of methyl acetate in ethanol was 0.65438 0%, which was obviously better than the separation effect of 0.26% in the distillation tower of this factory. After 20 10, users attach great importance to tower-less distillation equipment in the purification of many organic solvents. The institute is not only committed to the research and development of separation equipment, but also strives to raise the accumulated rich purification experience to the theoretical level.
history
In ancient Greece, Aristotle once wrote: "Through distillation, water can be turned into steam, then into liquid, and seawater can be turned into drinking water". This shows that people discovered the principle of distillation at that time. The ancient Egyptians used distillation to make spices. In the early Middle Ages, Arabs invented the distillation of wine. In the tenth century, a philosopher named Avicenna described the still in detail.