Impulse turbines can be divided into two types according to the flow direction: cutting type (also known as bucket type) and oblique flow type. The structure of oblique impulse turbine is basically the same as that of bucket turbine, except that the jet direction has an inclination angle, which is only used for small units.
Reactive turbines can be divided into mixed flow, axial flow, oblique flow and tubular flow. In Francis turbine, water flows into the water guide mechanism radially and flows out of the runner axially; In an axial flow turbine, water flows radially into the guide vanes and axially into and out of the runner; In a diagonal flow turbine, water flows radially into the guide vanes, into the runner at an angle inclined to the main shaft, or into the guide vanes and runner at an angle inclined to the main shaft; In tubular turbines, water flows into the guide vanes and runner along the axial direction. Axial-flow, tubular-flow and diagonal-flow turbines can also be divided into fixed-paddle and rotary-paddle according to their structures. The blades of the fixed paddle wheel are fixed; Impeller blades can rotate around the blade shaft in operation to adapt to the changes of water head and load.
Hydraulic turbine is a power machine that converts the energy of water flow into rotating mechanical energy, belonging to turbine machinery in fluid machinery. As early as BC 100, the prototype of hydraulic turbine appeared in China, which was used to lift water for irrigation and drive grain processing equipment. Modern hydraulic turbines are mostly installed in hydropower stations to drive generators to generate electricity. In the hydropower station, the water from the upstream reservoir is led to the turbine through the diversion pipe, which drives the runner of the turbine to rotate and drives the generator to generate electricity. The finished water is discharged downstream through the draft tube. The higher the water head, the greater the flow rate and the greater the output power of the turbine.