Albert Einstein (1879.3.14-1955.4.18)
One of the greatest scientists in human history; A theoretical physicist of Jewish descent; The founder of relativity; 192 1 won the nobel prize in physics; It is recognized by the world as one of the most outstanding scientists in the 20th century.
Brief introduction to life
1879 was born in Ulm, Germany, a small owner's family who runs an electrical appliance workshop. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy. From 65438 to 0895, he transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland. 1896 entered the normal department of Zurich University of Technology to study physics, 1900 graduated. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. 1902 After graduating from university, I was unable to enter academic institutions. He just found a temporary job as an examiner in Bern, Switzerland, and was hired as a technician in Bern, Switzerland, engaged in technical appraisal of invention patent applications. But there, Einstein's scientific passion stifled by formal education finally reappeared in Generation, and his relaxed work allowed Einstein to continue to devote himself to scientific research.
He used his spare time to do scientific research. 1905, Einstein, who was nearly 26 years old, published three papers in succession (light quantum, Brownian motion and special relativity), and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size".
Einstein was a part-time lecturer at Berne University from 65438 to 0908. 1909 left the patent office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 191/kloc-0 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague, and 19 12 was a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 19 14 years, at the invitation of Max Planck and Walter Nernst, he returned to Germany as the director of the Royal Institute of Physics William and a professor at the University of Berlin until 1933. 1920 At the invitation of Hendrick Antoine Lorenz and paul ehrenfest, he was also distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. After the outbreak of World War I, he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities.
Einstein published his general theory of relativity in 19 15. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation of the total solar eclipse by British astronomer arthur stanley eddington in 19 19. 19 16 The gravitational wave he predicted was also confirmed in 1978. Einstein and relativity have become household names in the west, but they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries.
19 17, Einstein put forward the theory of stimulated radiation, which became the theoretical basis of laser.
Einstein was awarded the 192 1 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on photoelectric effect. 1933 1 10 After the Nazi Party seized the German regime in October, Einstein was the primary object of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was giving a lecture in America at that time and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, transferred to Princeton University in the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor in the newly-built Institute for Advanced Studies until his retirement in June 5438 +0945. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship.
1939, he was told that uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction were discovered. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent the Germans from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, the United States waged unremitting struggles and launched a peaceful movement against the dangers of nuclear war and fascism.
Einstein died of ruptured aortic aneurysm at Princeton. According to his will, there will be no funeral, no grave, no monument, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, and no place will be sacred. Einstein spent the rest of his life exploring the theory of grand unification, but this work has never been successful. Now the grand unified theory is the central issue of theoretical physics research.
1955 In April, Einstein signed the Russell-Einstein Declaration on his deathbed, calling on people to unite and prevent the outbreak of a new world war. Einstein was not only a great scientist but also a pacifist. He witnessed the destruction of human civilization in two world wars and thought that peace was the primary problem of mankind.
1999 Time Magazine selected him as the man of the century.
The greatest physicist of the 20th century. Einstein was born in a Jewish family in Ulm, Germany. Influenced by his uncle as an engineer, he was enlightened by natural science and philosophy since he was a child. 1896, Einstein entered the normal department of Zurich University of Technology to study physics. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. The following year, he was hired as a technician by the Swiss Patent Office in Bern, engaged in technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to engage in scientific research and made historic achievements in 1905. 1909, Einstein left the Swiss Patent Office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich; 19 12 became a professor at his alma mater, Zurich University of Technology; 19/kloc-returned to Germany in 0/4, and served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William and a professor at the University of Berlin. After the establishment of the fascist regime, Einstein was persecuted and forced to leave Germany. 1933 moved to the United States and served as a professor at Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies until 1945 retired.
Einstein is one of the most creative and intelligent figures in human history. He created four fields of physics in his life: special relativity, general relativity, cosmology and unified field theory. He is one of the main founders of quantum theory, and has also made great contributions to the theory of molecular motion and quantum statistics.
1905, Einstein published a paper on electrodynamics of moving objects, put forward the principle of relativity in a special sense and the principle of invariance of light speed, and established the special theory of relativity. On this basis, he further obtained the mass-energy formula E=mc2 with the same mass and energy. The special theory of relativity reveals the unity of space and time, as the unity of mechanical motion and electromagnetic kinematics as the existing form of matter, further reveals the unity of matter and motion, and lays a theoretical foundation for the utilization of atomic energy.
19 15, Einstein established the general theory of relativity, which further revealed the relationship between time and matter in four-dimensional space. According to the gravitational theory of general relativity, he concluded that light travels along a curve rather than a straight line in the gravitational field. This prediction was confirmed in the observation of solar eclipse by British astronomers in 19 19. From 65438 to 0938, Einstein made great progress in the motion of general relativity, and deduced the motion equation of objects from the field equation, thus further revealing the unity of space-time, matter, motion and gravity.
Einstein made great contributions to quantum theory. 1905, he put forward the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of energy is discontinuous, and thought that the energy at the speed of light is quantized in the process of propagation, absorption and production, and successfully revealed the photoelectric effect. This is the first time in history that the fluctuation of radiation and the unity of particles have been revealed in the process of human understanding of nature. 19 16 Einstein put forward the theory of stimulated radiation in his article Quantum Theory of Radiation, which laid a theoretical foundation for today's laser technology.
After the general theory of relativity, Einstein explored the unified field theory of the universe, gravity and electromagnetism. In order to prove the static distribution of celestial bodies in space, a finite and infinite static universe model is proposed based on the gravitational field, which is unstable. The motion of galaxy separation can be predicted from the gravitational field equation and later observed by astronomy.
Einstein loved music and thought that his performance in playing violin was better than that in physics. Einstein died at Princeton. He respected his wishes, did not erect a monument, did not hold any activities, and his ashes were scattered in a place that was always kept secret from others.
His first wife was mileva, and his second wife was Elsa. He has two children with his first wife!